빠알리어 동사어간을 만드는 활용문자에 관한 연구 _『목갈라나 문법』과 『깟짜야나 문법』의 규칙을 중심으로_

Abstract

This paper discusses the conjugational sign in Pāli grammar focused on the grammatical rules of Kaccāyana-vyākaraṇa(KV) and Moggallāna-vyākaraṇa(MV). The verbal base(or stem) is the root with its conjugational sign combined. The conjugational sign is inserted between the root and the verbal termination, or between the last vowel and the following consonant of the root. The root does not have only one conjugational sign; one or more conjugational signs can be attached to one root, and one or more bases can be made through different conjugations. KV uses the term paccaya for the conjugational sign in the sense of a suffix. KV presents thirteen conjugational signs for the eight groups of the roots in KV 447-454. The condition of ‘kattari(in the active voice)’ governs these rules. KV presents conjugational signs together with those respective groups of roots as follows: a for the roots √bhū etc.; a preceded by niggahīta(ṃ) for the roots √rudh etc.; ya for the roots √div etc.; ṇu, ṇā, uṇā for the roots √su etc.; nā for the roots √ki etc.; ppa, ṇhā for the roots √gah etc.; o, yira for the roots √tan etc.; ṇe(e), ṇaya(aya) for the roots √cur etc. MV does not use any special term for the conjugational sign regularly, but the term vikaraṇa appears in rare places in MV. MV presents nine conjugational signs with indicatory letter(anubandha) attached, in MV 5.15, 18-19, 21-26. The condition of ‘aparokkhesu kattuvihitamānantatyādisu(in the active voice, when the suffixes of all the tenses and moods except the perfect tense follow, or the suffixes of the present participles follow)’ governs these rules. MV presents conjugational signs together with those respective groups of roots as follows: general conjugational sign la(l is an indication letter and a is the actual suffix here); ṇi(i) for the roots √cur etc.; la(a) preceded by maṃ(ṃ) for the roots √rudh etc.; yak(ya) for the roots √div etc.; ka(a) for the roots √tud etc.; knā(nā) for the roots √ji etc.; kṇā(ṇā) for the roots √ki etc.; kṇo(ṇo) for the roots √su etc.; ok(o) for the roots √tan etc. Some roots-groups and the conjugational signs presented by the rules of KV and MV are superficially different in number and form. The difference comes from the criteria for classifying the roots for the respective conjugational sign or for the description of the conjugational signs. This point brings the different process of forming the verbal bases along with the various rules of KV and MV. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that KV and MV form the same verbal base for one root.