빠알리어 시제에 관한 『깟짜야나 문법』과『목갈라나 문법』의 규칙 분석

Abstract

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the grammatical rules for Kaccāyana-Vyākaraṇa(KV) and Moggallāna-Vyākaraṇa(MV) with reference to Pāli Tense. KV presents 10 rules related to tense in a chapter called ‘ākhyāta-kappa’ and MV does 6 rules in a chapter called ‘chaṭṭho kaṇḍo’. As a result of the comparative analysis of those rules, the following points are observed: Firstly, with regard to the arrangement of the related rules, KV deals with the tense suffix separately from the definition of tense in different rules, while MV deals with the tense suffix together with the definition of tense in one rule. Despite the different arrangement of the rules, both KV and MV classify Pāli tense into five kinds, viz., three past tenses, one present tense, and one future tense. Secondly, in respect of the technical term for a tense, both KV and MV use significant word conveying the meaning of a particular tense. The terms that those grammars use are as follows. For the general terms of past tense, KV and MV use atīta and bhūta, respectively. For the terms of three types of past tense, ajjapabhuti atīta(past tense beginning with today) in KV corresponds to bhūta(general past tense) in MV; hiyyoppabhuti atīta(past tense before yesterday) in KV corresponds to anajjatana bhūta(past tense except today) in MV; and apaccakkha atīta(past tense beyond speakers’ perception) in KV corresponds to parokkha bhūtānajjatana(past tense beyond speakers’ perception except today) in MV. KV and MV use the term paccuppanna and vattamāna to denote the present tense, respectively. And KV and MV use the term anāgata and bhavissati to denote the future tense, respectively. Thirdly, both KV and MV use the technical term of the tense suffix for the sake of concise and efficient expression. The terms that those two grammars use are as follows. KV provides the terms ajjatanī, hiyyattanī, parokkhā, vattamānā, and bhavissantī for the group of tense suffixes, implying the meaning of each tense. Unlike KV, MV provides the terms ī-ādayo, ā-ādayo, a-ādayo, tyādayo, ssatyādayo for the group of tense suffixes, by joining the initial suffix of the particular suffix group to the functional word ‘ādi(beginning with, and so forth).’ Fourthly, with respect to sphere of application for the tense suffix, KV presents the application of those, limiting the related tense only, while MV presents wider application of those such as the contrariety or change of time(kālabyattayo) and the use in a sentence that is irrelevant to tense.