막스 뮐러의 인종주의적 베다 해석과 오리엔탈리즘
Max Müller's Racist Vedic Interpretations and Orientalism
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에드워드 사이드의 오리엔탈리즘은 근대 서양과 동양의 관계, 식민지배국 영국과 피지배국 인도에서도 제작되어 담론화된다. 19세기 종교학의 아버지 막스 뮐러(Max Müller)는 베다문헌을 근거로 아리안(Aryan)인종설과 침략설을 주창하는데, 이 이론은 인도학에서 오리엔탈리즘을 대표하는 언설로 평가된다. 뮐러를 비롯한 당대 오리엔탈리스트들은 언어와 문헌을 기반으로 산스끄리뜨 언어학과 베다 문헌학을 통해 ‘아리안 인종주의’를 재해석해 권력화한다. 특히 뮐러가 주도한 리그베다의 인종주의적 해석학은 영국이 인도를 지배하는 근대와 아리안이 원주민을 정복했던 고대 인도의 시공간을 미러링하면서, 인도와 영국의 지배계급에게 ‘아리안’이라는 공통적 정체성을 부여하게 된다. 뮐러가 베다의 아리안 문제를 자의적으로 해석하여 이를 학제적 지식으로 구축해 통치이념으로 내면화하는 일련의 과정은 대영제국의 인도 문화통치를 수월하게 만드는 동시에 인도 지배계급이 식민지배의 타당성을 자발적으로 각성하게 만드는 이데올로기를 제공한다는 측면에서 공리주의적 시의성을 지녔음을 오리엔탈리즘적 시각으로 조명한다.
Abstract
Edward Said’s Orientalism is also produced in the relationship between the West and the East, the colonial ruler of England and Colonial country India. Max Müller, father of religious studies in the 19th century, advocated the Aryan race and Aryan Invasion theory of based on Vedic philology, which is regarded as a discourse representing Orientalism in the Indology. Sanskrit Linguistics and Rig-veda Literature, led by Orientalists of the time, including Müller, were created by reinterpreting ‘Aryan racism’ from an western Orientalist perspective based on language and literature. In particular, Müller's racist interpretation of the Rig-veda text puts the reality that Britain controls India and the ancient time and space where the Indian ruling class conquered the indigenous people in one place. He arbitrarily interprets Vedic Aryan problem with the common goal of providing the common identity of ‘Aryan’ to the ruling classes in India and England as an interdisciplinary knowledge and internalizing the ruling ideology. Müller’s attempt to prove indigenous non-aryan narrative of the ‘flat-nose’(anāsa) and ‘bullish nose’(vṛṣaśipra) through Rig-Vedas, Deciphering the Vedas with intention of orientalism to reveal the origins of Alexander and the Greek spirit. In addition, I would like to highlight the importance of providing a ruling ideology that facilitates the British cultural rule of India, and that the Indian ruling class voluntarily awakens the validity of colonial rule.
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