쿠바 미사일 위기 시 미국의 해상차단 작전 성공요인 분석
An Analysis on the Critical Success Factors of the US Maritime Quarantine in the Cuban Missile Crisis
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현 시대에 이르러, 쿠바 미사일 위기 관련 비밀 해제 자료들과 당시 각종 기록 및 면담자료들이, 소련 잠수함 활동, 해상차단작전 수행과정과 그 효과들을 알려주고 있어, 해군 성분작전 측면에서 종합적인 분석이 가능하게 되었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 분석에 바탕을 두고 쿠바 미사일 위기 시 미국의 해상차단작전의 성공요인을 도출해 보는 것을 연구목적으로 선정하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 정부 비문자료들, 당시 참가자들의 회고록, 관련 논문 및 보도 자료들에 기초를 둔 문헌연구기법을 활용하여 수행하였다. 연구결과 가장 큰 성공요인은 소련의 흐루쇼프 서기장을 핵 및 재래식 전력으로 지속적으로 압박하면서도 보상책을 제시하였을 뿐만 아니라 쿠바의 군사력과 기 배치된 소련의 제한된 미사일 및 지상 전력의 지원을 받는 소련 잠수함 군단과의 교전이 일어나지 않도록 억제하기 우한 케네디 정부의 능동적 외교술 및 상세한 작전지도는 핵전쟁의 위기에서 미국뿐만 아니라 전 세계를 전쟁의 소용돌이에 빠지지 않게 할 수 있었던 가장 결정적인 요인이라고 판단된다. 이를 뒷받침한 추가적인 요인으로는 상호 대량보복전략을 택한 핵전략의 실행불가능성, 미국의 명확한 해상차단작전 목적 및 방법 설정 및 이에 대한 소련의 이해, 지속적인 강압태세 유지 및 능력 현시, 완벽한 검증태세 유지 등이 도출되었으며 이들은 모두 논거를 통해 입증되었다. 쿠바 미사일 위기 시 미국의 해상차단작전이 오늘날의 우리에게 주는 진정한 교훈은 어제의 전쟁에서 얻은 군사적 교훈은 내일의 전쟁을 위한 지침이 될 수 없다는 것이다. 내일의 전쟁에 승리하기 위해서는 과거 전쟁의 교훈과 오늘의 다양한 정치·전략적 환경요인의 변화를 반영한 새로운 전략의 개발이 필수적이다.
Abstract
On the contemporary era, the unclassified secret sources, the documents and materials of interviews with those who participated or worked in association with the Cuban Missile Crisis let us know the activities of the Soviet Submarines, and the processes and effects of the US maritime quarantine operation. Thus, now it is possible to synthetically analyze it from the viewpoints of naval component operations. Consequently, the purpose of this article is, on the basis of the results of the analysis, to draw the critical success factors of the US maritime quarantine operation in the Cuban Missile Crisis. For this, I employ the literature review approach on the bases of the governmental unclassified secret sources, the memoirs, the related thesis/articles and multimedia data. According to results of the research, the critical success factors were not only the active diplomacy technic for the coercive approach on Mikita Khrushchew, the Soviet Leader, by providing carrot and stick at the same time using nuclear and conventional powers, but also the detailed operational directives deterring a real conflict with the Soviet Foxtrot submarines backed by the Cuban troops, deployed limited missile strength and land based the Soviet army in Cuba in advance. They were the critical factors of de-escalating the nuclear crisis and of saving the world as well as the US from the danger of breaking out a nuclear war. The additional factors were the infeasibility of employing the nuclear strategies of the mutual massive retaliations, the US setting regarding the purpose and performing procedures of the maritime quarantine and the Soviet understanding on them, unremitting coercive activities and capability revelation, and lastly keeping the posture for perfect verification against the Soviet nuclear/conventional materials(sources) deployed in Cuba. All of these were proved by the logical bases. The practical lesson of the US maritime quarantine in the Cuban Missile Crisis is that the military lessons of the past operation will not be the directives for a future war. In order to succeed in a future war, it is essential to develop a new strategy reflecting not only the lessons of the past military operations, but also diverse contemporary political and strategic environmental factors.
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