체제전환기 러시아의 국가와 시민사회: ‘공공회의소 (Obshchestvennaya Palata)’의 경험을 중심으로
State and Civil Society in Transformative Russia: The Case of “Public Chamber”
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초록
탈공산주의 체제전환 속의 러시아에서 옐친 시기로부터 약한 국가와 약한 시민사회를 물려받은 푸틴 대통령은 국가 강화 노력과 함께 러시아 시민사회의 역동성과 중요성을 인식하고 여러 방식으로 국가와 시민사회의 관계를 나름대로 규정하려고 노력했다. 2005년에 설립된 ‘공공회의소’는 국가 주도하에 국가와 시민사회 사이에 연계기제를 구축하려는 푸틴 대통령의 의지를 반영한 제도적 산물이었다. 공공회의소는 국가와사회를 연결시키고 시민사회를 활성화시킨다는 목표하에 법안 검토, 민원 처리, 현안참여, 비정부기구 재정 지원, 공공감독 등의 폭넓은 활동을 펼쳤다. 실제 업무와 성과를 평가할 때, 공공회의소는 시민 보호, 참여 강화, 시민단체 보조 등에 있어서 일정한업적을 남긴 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 그러나 대통령 주도하에 인선이 이루어지고 업무와 활동에 정부의 영향력이 상당히 작용함으로써, 원래 내세웠던 만큼 국가와 시민사회사이의 매개 역할을 제대로 수행하는 데 근본적 제약을 지녔다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 공공회의소의 설립과 활동은 소련 체제 붕괴 이후의 복합적 체제전환 과정에서 크게 약화된 러시아 국가의 재건설에 입각하여, ‘국가성’의 기반 위에서 시민사회의 발전을 도모한 것으로 이해할 수 있다.
Abstract
Putin inherited from Yeltsin a “weak state” and a “weak civil society” in the course of post-communist system change in Russia. Along with his efforts to strengthen the state, Putin tried to establish a new pattern of the state-civil society relationships,realizing the important dynamics of Russian society. ‘Public Chamber’ since 2005 was a significant product of his endeavor to create an institutional structure linking the state and civil society. Under the goals of building a bridge between the state and society and invigorating civil society, it was engaged in doing a variety of works, including the examination of draft bills, handling of civil complaints, resolution of social disputes,provision of financial support to NGOs, and supervision of government works, and achieved certain results. However, the selection of the members of the Chamber under the presidential initiative and the government agencies ‘nfluence on the Chamber’s work placed substantial restrictions on its bridging role. The case of Public Chamber is understood as an attempt to develop civil society on the basis of a rebuilt Russian state from the traditional perspective of “osudarstvennost’ (stateness)” in the complex process of Russia’s post-communist transformation.
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