냉전시대 이후 중국 대외정책의 틀-경제적 측면을 중심으로
Paradigm of China's Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Period with Emphasis on Economic Perspectives
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1992년 수교이래 한국과 중국은 무역과 투자 면에서 급진적인 경제협력 강화가 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 중국의 대외정책의 틀과 본질적 성격을 연구하는 것은 한국의 입장에서 볼 때에 긴요한 과제이다. 이러한 배경 하에서 본 연구는 중국의 대외정책의 본질을 이해하는데 있어서 국제 관계 접근의 두 가지 틀 즉, 현실주의와 자유주의 중에서 어느 이론이 가장 적합한 것인지를 점검하였다.냉전시대 중국의 대외정책은 국가존립을 위해 외부여건의 변화에 따라 현실적으로 對美, 對蘇관계를 조정하면서 힘의 균형 논리에 의거 전략적 선택을 하는 현실주의적 접근이었고, 등소평이 최고지도자로 등극한 1978년 이후에도 적극적인 대외 개방과 경제 개혁을 추진하였으나 실리추구적인 현실주의 노선을 벗어나지 않았다. 냉전이후 중국은 안보 면에서 미·소 양대국 사이에서 취했던 전략적 입장을 상실함으로써 다원화주의 및 힘의 균형 논리로 대외정책을 견지해 나갔고, 경제적 측면에서는 개혁과 개방을 가속적으로 추진하여 세계무역기구(WTO) APEC 등에 가입하는 등 세계경제에 적극적으로 편입되어 세계화에 박차를 가함으로서 90년대 년 평균 9.8%의 경이적인 경제 성장을 이룩하였다. 그러나 중국이 세계화와 국제 간의 상호의존성을 강조한다고 하더라도 국가주권의 잠식이나 정부역할의 축소를 의미하지는 않으며 어디까지나 개혁 개방 정책이 국가 주도의 틀의 한계 내에서 경제발전과 국제적 위상강화를 추구하는 신중상주의적 현실주의접근으로 추진되었다는 점이 그 특징이다. 결론적으로 중국은 냉전시대나 그 이후에도 현실주의, 국가주권 우선, 힘의 균형논리에 따라 실용주의적 노선을 지향함으로써 현실주의 이론적 틀이 중국의 대외정책을 설명하는데 가장 적합한 모형이라고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
In view of the significance of intensifying economic relationships between Korea and China, the purpose of the study is to investigate which level of analysis and theoretical framework within the field of international relations provides the most appropriate model for understanding China's foreign policy. In order to extend the understanding of China's foreign policy pattern, the system and state level approaches and two central paradigms in international relations-realism and liberal theories-have been employed in order to examine their power as explanatory devices.During the Cold War, I found that China's foreign relations were largely determined by international systematic constraints and that its foreign policy was mostly a reaction to threats, initiatives, dangers and opportunities in its external environment. Thus, China's pragmatic and realistic foreign policy during this period is best explained by the system level of analysis. In the post-Cold War era, China has paid more attention to globalization and interdependence of the world economy, which may ostensibly be recognized as coinciding with the liberal paradigm. However, based an Johnson's concepts of 'learning' and 'adaptation', I concluded that China have 'adapted' its outward-looking policy in response to changing international environment, remaining still realistic.In conclusion, realist theoretical framework provides the most appropriate model for interpreting China's foreign policy.
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