문화적 차이와 기자들의 사고 편향성 : ‘마크 리퍼트(Mark Lippert) 주한 미국 대사 피습사건’에 대한 한국과 미국 신문기사 분석을 통해
Cultural Differences and Journalists' Thinking Bias through the Analysis of Korean and American Newspaper Articles on the ‘Attack of US Ambassador to Korea, Mark Lippert’
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초록
문화심리학자들은 서로 다른 사회의 사람들은 태어나는 순간부터 특정한 사고습관을 가지도록 끊임없이 사회화된다고 주장한다. 하지만 저널리즘 규범과 취재 관행에 따라 추적하고 보도하는 기자들이 문화적 배경에 따라 인지 편향에 어떤 차이가 있는지 연구 한 사례는 많지 않다. 이 연구는 기존의 문화심리학적 개념이 저널리즘 현상을 설명 가 능한지 알아보기 위해 2015년 3월 한국 서울에서 발생한 마크 리퍼트 주한 미국 대사 폭력사건과 관련, 한국과 미국 기자들의 사고편향을 보도 내용분석을 통해 검증해보았 다. 분석결과 첫째, 한국 기자들은 사건 원인을 범인의 주변 상황이나 관계를 중심으로 해석하는 반면에, 미국 기자들은 범인의 개인 기질이나 성격을 중심으로 해석했다. 둘 째, 한국 기자들은 해당 사건의 성격을 배후세력에 의한 ‘테러(terror)’로 규정하는 반 면에, 미국 기자들은 개인의 우발적인 공격행위인 ‘폭력(violence)’으로 규정했다. 셋 째, 사건의 책임 주체에 대해서도 한국 기자들은 사회 집단에, 미국 기자들은 범인 개인 에 더 귀인했다. 넷째, 한국 기자들은 상대방이나 타자의 입장에서 사건을 바라보는 관 계중심적 투사(relational projection)방식의 관점을 지니는 반면에, 미국 기자들은 개 인 자신의 입장에서 사건을 바라보는 자기중심적 투사(egocentric projection)방식의 관점을 보였다. 한국 기자들은 사건 원인을 범인을 둘러싼 상황적 요인에서 찾았으나 미국 기자들은 범인 개인의 개별적 속성으로 해석해 ‘기본적 귀인오류’가 더 두드러졌 다. 이 연구는 한국과 미국 기자 간의 문화적 인지 편향성을 확인하는 한편, 북한과 긴장 관계가 놓여있는 한국에서 벌어진 미국 외교관 폭력사건의 경우 국제정치적 상황 요 인이 문화적 해석편향에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점을 제시했다.
Abstract
Cultural psychologists argue that people from different societies are constantly socialized from the moment they are born to develop specific thinking habits. However, there are few studies examining the differences between cultures in the thinking habits of journalists who follow and report according to journalism norms and reporting practices. In order to expand the scope of existing cultural psychology research, this study explored the cultural biases of Korean and American reporters in the process of reporting the attack on the US Ambassador to Korea Mark Lippert in Seoul, Korea in March 2015. The analysis results are as follows. First, while Korean reporters interpreted the cause of the incident based on the circumstances or relationship of the criminal, American reporters interpreted the cause of the crime based on the criminal's dispositional or personality. Second, Korean reporters defined the nature of the incident as 'terror' by the behind-the-scenes forces, while American reporters defined it as 'violence', an individual's accidental attack. Third, for the subject responsible for the incident, Korean reporters attributed more to the social group, whereas American reporters attributed more to the individual perpetrator. Fourth, Korean reporters have a relational projection from the point of view of the other person or other person, whereas American reporters have an egocentric projection from the point of view of an individual. While Korean reporters focused on the circumstantial factors surrounding the criminal as the cause of the incident, American reporters interpreted it as the individual attributes of the criminal, making the 'basic attribution error' more prominent. This study confirmed the cultural cognitive biases between reporters in Eastern and Western societies, and suggested that, in the case of the attack of a US diplomat in South Korea, which was confronting North Korea, the international political factors could influence the cultural interpretation bias.
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