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칼빈의 개혁사상과 교회

Calvin’s Reformed Theology and the Church

김재성
한국복음주의신학회 (Korea Evangelical Theological Society)|2010.05|성경과 신학 (Bible and Theology)|제53권 |pp. 1-44

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참고문헌

키워드

종교개혁CalvinismReformationCalvin칼빈개혁주의칼빈주의변혁적 역동성변혁주의 문화관transformative dynamics
주제분류기독교신학

초록

우리는 이 글을 통해 칼빈 사상의 역사적 문맥을 개괄적으로 살펴서 그의 정체성을 규정짓고, 그동안의 연구자들의 연구를 통해 핵심적인 교리, 방법, 구조분석을 간추려 그의 개혁사상의 독특성을 규명하고자 한다. 그리고 더 나아가서, 그의 사상 속에 담겨진 “변혁적인 역동성”(transformative dynamics)을 논증하여 한국교회에 변화와 갱신의 에너지를 제시하고자 한다. 결론적으로는 어두움을 비추는 빛이신 예수 그리스도를 통해서 세상을 변혁시키는 역동성이 바로 칼빈이 남긴 사상과 업적이다. 칼빈은 르네상스의 수사학과 논리학의 패턴을 사용하면서도 ‘말씀의 신학자’로서 성경적인 개혁을 시도하였다. 혼란한 상황에서 성경적인 해답을 모색하였기에 놀라운 확신과 감동을 주고 있으며, ‘변혁적인 에너지’를 제공하였고, 고난과 시련을 돌파하는 ‘새로운 역동성’으로 칼빈주의자들에게 힘을 불어넣었다. 칼빈은 청년기 초반 에라스무스로 대표되는 기독교 휴머니즘 운동의 영향을 받았다. 이 운동은 성경과 초대 교부들을 연구하도록 이끌었고, 어거스틴을 비롯한 수많은 교부들의 글을 통해 성경 해석의 근간을 얻어냈다. 칼빈의 개혁사상은 성경과 교회가 핵심 위치를 차지한다. 그의 개혁은 성경을 근간으로 교회를 개혁하는데 중점을 두었다. 뿐만 아니라 사회와 정치, 생활의 전반에 깊숙이 영향을 미쳤다. 칼빈은 성경에서 신학을 정립했고, 그 방식대로 신학을 전개함으로써 권위 있는 힘과 역동성이 있었다. 그는 성경의 가르침을 모두 다 중요시했고, 계시된 하나님의 뜻으로 총체적으로 가르치는데 역점을 두었다. 칼빈은 교리에 대해서 이론적인 사색보다는 성경에 철저히 의존함으로써 순수한 신앙을 유지한다. 이것이 칼빈이 제공하는 역동적인 힘의 논리가 된다. 칼빈에게 있어서 믿음의 지식은 성령에 의해서 그리스도와의 교통을 즐거워하는 것이다. 이는 삶과 괴리되지 않는 바탕이었고 삶의 원동력이 되었다. 이렇듯 칼빈에게는 성경과 더불어 성령의 강력한 역사가 개혁의 역동적인 힘이었다. 칼빈의 신학사상이 전 세계에 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것은 그의 저술 속에 흐르는 경건의 자세에 기인한다. 칼빈이 세속화와 세상 중심의 이론들과 맞서서 긍정적이며, 창조적으로 대응하는 경건과 거룩함을 추구할 수 있었던 바탕 역시 성경이었다. 이처럼 성경에 입각한 칼빈의 교회 개혁은 교회뿐 아니라 교육과 사회 복지, 시민 윤리, 정치, 시장경제와 자본주의의 기초를 놓았으며 개개인의 삶과 생활 전체의 개혁을 가져왔다. 칼빈의 참된 신앙의 가르침과 경건은 당시 뿐 아니라 오늘날에도 “변화와 감화”를 주고 있다. 그리고 계속해서 타성을 깨뜨리고 변화의 소망을 낳을 것이다. “개혁교회는 항상 개혁한다”(Ecclesia reformata, quia semper reformanda)

Abstract

This study aims to define Calvin’s theoretical identity through look over the cultural context of 16th century, and to examine the uniqueness of Calvin’s reformation ideas till contemporary studies focusing on central dogma, methodology and structural analysis of Calvin’s writings and sermons. For the more Transformative dynamics in Calvin’s thought give the energy of change and reformation to the Korean church. we came to the conclusion that Calvin’s dynamic ideas and works based on Jesus Christ in the light of the world. In early youth, Calvin impressed by christian humanism represented by Erasmus. Humanistic studies were directed toward ministry opportunities and the study of Word of god and Early Fathers writings. From that experience he acquired the basis of Bible hermeneutics. Bible and Church are at the very core of Calvin’s Reformation. In addition, He had a powerful influence over the world. Calvin has touched every sphere of life and penetrated every century since its formulation under Calvin’s pen, preaching, public debate and personal counseling. He had formed theology from Bible. through this manner he had an authority and a dynamic power. He set much store by all over the biblical teaching and spoon-fed his successors with Bible as revealed God’s Will. He was a speculative genius of first order, and in the cogency of his logical analysis. But it was nat on these gifts that he defended in forming and developing his theological ideas. His instrument of research was not logical amplification, but exegetical investigation. In one word, he was distinctly a Biblical theologian. This is Calvin gives us the keystone of dynamic power. Those who have the knowledge of faith shall enjoy eternal and immediate communion with Christ by Holy Spirit. This is the basement without alienate from life and the motive power. therefore the Holy Scripture and the dynamic works of Holy Spirit are the power in Reformation. Calvin struggled against secularization and an worldly theory. and His positive and creative affect on the world was from the Word of God. Calvin’s works from biblical principle made the church reformed as well as set out to order education, social affairs, civil law, economic system and personal life. His teaching of a real faith and piety gives “transformation and satisfaction” then and now. Still it breaks an inertia and births the hope of transformation. “Ecclesia reformata, quia semper reformanda.”

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