칼빈 신학에 있어서 성경과 성령의 관계성에 관한 고찰
A Reflection on the Relationship between the Scripture and the Spirit in Calvin's Theology
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이 논문의 목적은 현대 성경론 논쟁에서 주로 야기되는 시대착오적인 문제 제기를 피해 보다 정확하게 칼빈의 성경론을 이해하기 위하여, 당대의 역사적 맥락 속에서 그의 관점을 파악하려는 것이다. 따라서 필자는 특별히 종교개혁 당시 칼빈의 주된 대적자들이었던 로마 카톨릭 교회와 영성파들(재세례파들)의 견해에 반대하여 성경과 성령의 통일성을 강조한 그의 독특한 주장에 연구의 초점을 맞추었다. 본 연구에 따르면, 칼빈의 입장은 다음과 같은 몇가지 핵심적인 주장들로 요약할 수 있다: 첫째로, 하나님의 말씀인 성경은 참된 신지식을 얻기 위하여 필요하며, 따라서 그것은 우리의 신학과 신앙, 그리고 실천을 위한 궁극적이며 필요충분한 근거가 된다. 둘째로, 성경은 그 본질에 있어 성령에 의해 "구술"된 하나님의 말씀임과 동시에, 또한 인간의 연약함과 어리석음, 그리고 무지함과 같은 제한된 능력에 "적응"된 하나님의 말씀이다. 그러나 그렇다고 해서 성경이 인간의 오류를 반드시 포함한다는 것을 의미하는 것은 아니다. 셋째로, 칼빈에 있어 성경의 권위는 성경의 "자증"과 "성령의 내적증거"에 의하여 확증된다. 그러므로 칼빈은 성경에 우선하는 교회/성령의 권위와 '교회의 증거'를 주장하는 로마 카톨릭의 입장에 반대하여, 교회에 우선하는 성경/성령의 권위와 성경의 "자증"과 '성령의 내적증거'를 강력하게 주장한다. 마지막 넷째로, 기록된 하나님의 말씀인 성경을 도외시하고 성도 개개인에 대한 성령의 직접적인 계시를 주장하는 소위 영성파들에 반대하여 칼빈은 성경과 성령의 불가분리적 통일성을 강력하게 주장한다. 다시 말해서, 한편으로는 성경의 확실성은 성령의 내적증거에 의하여 확증되지만, 또 다른 한편으로는 성령 또한 성경과의 일치에 의하여 인정된다. 이와 같은 성경과 성령의 불가분리적 상호관계성이 칼빈의 성경론의 핵심이라 할 수 있을 것이며, 또한 바로 이렇게 성경과 성령의 통일성에 기초한 칼빈의 성경론 정립은 기독교 신학에 대한 크나큰 기여라고 할 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine Calvin's doctrine of Scripture, especially in his own historical context in order to avoid the problem of anachronism and to understand his view more correctly. So, I focused on Calvin's characteristic view on the inseparable unity of the Scripture and the Spirit against Roman Catholic's and the Spiritualists' (i.e., the Anabaptists) view. According to this study, Calvin's view can be summarized as follows: First, Scripture as the Word of God is needed for the true knowledge of God, and thus it is the ultimate source of the faith, practice, and theology. Second, the Scripture is dictated God’s Word by the Holy Spirit (Inspiration), at the same time, it is accommodated God’s Word to man’s limited capacity; e.g., weakness, stupidity, and ignorance. However, it does not mean that Scripture necessarily includes human errors. Third, for Calvin, the authority of the Scripture is established as certain by self-authentication and testimonium spiritus santi internum (the inner testimony of the Holy Spirit). Therefore, Calvin strongly stressed the unity of ‘the Scripture/the Spirit’ above the church in objecting to the Roman Catholics’ position which asserted the authority of ‘the church/the Spirit’ above the Scripture. Fourth, in objecting to the position of the Spiritualists which asserted a kind of private direct revelation of the Holy Spirit without the Scripture, Calvin strongly insisted on the inseparable unity of the Spirit and the Scripture. That is to say, on the one hand, Scripture must be confirmed by the witness of the Spirit; on the other hand, the Holy Spirit is also recognized in his agreement with Scripture. Indeed, we can say that this concept of the inseparable unity of the Scripture and the Spirit is a key point in order to understand Calvin's doctrine of the Scripture. Thus, this can be considered as one of Calvin’s greatest contributions to Christian theology.
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