다니엘의 묵시적 이상과 에스겔의 소명 기사: 다니엘 7장의 에스겔 1장 인유(Allusion) 해석
Daniel’s Apocalyptic Vision and Ezekiel’s Calling Narrative: Interpretation of the Literary Allusions in Daniel 7 to Ezekiel 1
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언어와 사상이 유사하지만 저자와 배경이 다른 성경 본문들을 우리는 어떻 게의미있게읽을수있을까? 두본문을연결시켜야한다면, 과연그것은 항상 정당한 독해인가? 이 질문에 대하여 기존 연구자들은 “상호본문성,” “영향,” “반향,” “인용,” “모방,” “모형,” “새로 쓰기,” “미드라쉬,” “성경 내적 담론/주석/해석” 같은 다양한 개념들을 해답으로 제시해왔다. 논자는 이스라 엘 텔아비브 학파의 일원인 지바 벤-포랏(Ziva Ben-Porat)의 모델을 차용하여, 성경 본문간 유사성 연구와 그 타당한 해석을 위하여 양 본문을 동시에 활 성화 시키는 장치로서 문학적 인유(allusion)를 사용했다. 문학적 인유는 본문 의 저자가 기존 본문을 의도적으로 차용했는지, 혹은 두 본문의 저자들이 하 나의 공통된 문학 자료를 활용했는지 확인하고, 후행 본문 저자의 선행 본문 사용 의도에 천착한다. 이 해석은 성경 본문 해석에 있어서 저자의 의도를 존중하는 개혁주의 신학 전통의 유산에 적합하다. 본 논문에서 문학적 인유 는 형식, 기능, 관계의 측면에서 분석된다. 논자는 다니엘 7장에 사용된 문학적인유를규명하기위한범례로서1) 어휘적구문적일치, 2) 인유의양적 밀집, 3) 유사상황재현, 4) 선행본문에대한의도적수정, 5) 선행본문으 로부터후행본문으로문맥전이, 6) 다수인유의축적효과등을사용한다. 이를 위한 실증적 예시로서 논자는 다니엘 7장의 이상과 에스겔의 1장의 이 상에서 작동하는 인유를 비교한다. 바벨론 포로들을 위해 다니엘이 묵시적 으로 묘사한 네 짐승들은 선지자 에스겔이 본 네 생물들과 비슷하거나 다르 다(다니엘 7장, 에스겔 1장). 다니엘은 여호와의 영광에게 자발적으로 복종하 는 보좌 생물 묘사를 자신의 네 짐승 묘사에 끌어들임으로써, 하나님의 주권 에 굴복 당할 인간 나라들의 기형성과 반역성을 효과적으로 부각시켰다. 문 학적 인유를 통하여 에스겔의 하나님의 권능 강조를 자신의 이상 기록의 배 경으로 사용함으로써 선지자 다니엘은 하나님의 온 세상과 시간에 대한 절 대 주권을 종말의 지평 위에서 확장시킬 수 있었다.
Abstract
Numerous scholars have long attempted to explain how separate texts are meaningfully associated and why they need to be read together. Employing Ziva Ben-Porat’s model, I propose literary allusion as “a device for simulta- neous activation of multiple texts.” In studying allusion, one is required to explain the author’s active, deliberate use of antecedent texts, while ask- ing about whether a textual affinity results either from one text borrowing another text or from two texts appropriating a common literary pool. The allusion study in dealing with biblical texts respects, therefore, the authorial intention, which is one of important aspect of the Reformed theological legacy. In this article I argue that, drawing a marvelous analogy between Ezekiel’s “weird throne-bearers” and Daniel’s “hybridized beasts,” Daniel maximizes the four beasts’ abnormality and unruliness at once. Likewise, Daniel underscores the theme of the divine sovereignty, while offering a thematic contrast between the chariot-bearers’ volunteering obedi- ence to the Glory of YHWH and the monstrous beasts’ forced submission to the Ancient One. In doing so, it is demonstrated that allusion has three principle factors: the form of the sign of the allusion, the function of the allusion, and the relation of the alluding text to the evoked text. I will use six criteria for identifying allusion: (1) lexical and syntactical agreement, (2) Quantitative Density of Allusion, (3) Reenactment of Similar Circumstance, (4) The Purposeful Use of Scripture, (5) Transference of Context, and (6) Accumulative Force of Clusters of Allusion.
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