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니므롯의 바벨탑과 느부갓네살의 금신상: 다니엘 3장의 창세기 바벨 기사 인유

Nimrod’s Babel Tower and Nebuchadnezzar’s Golden Statute: Literary Allusions in Daniel 3 to the Babel Accounts in Genesis

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본 논문은 성경이 자신의 해석자라는 종교 개혁 성경관에 따라 다니엘 제3장의 서사를 다룬다. 창세기의 바벨 반역 기사와 (창11:1-11) 그 결과로서 민족들의 분산 정착 역사가 (창세기 10장) 어떻게 선지자 다니엘과 6세기 유대인 포로들에게 기억되고 해석되었는지 고찰한다. 이를 위해 논자는 두 본문을 동시에 활성화하는 장치로서 문학적 인유 이론을 활용하며, 다니엘서가 문학적 인유를 통해 느부갓네살의 제국주의를 압도하는 하나님의 절대 주권을 강력하게 확증하는 다양한 방식들을 드러낸다. 본 논문은 지바 벤-포랏(Ziva Ben-Porat)을 비롯한 인유 분석 이론을 소개한 후, 미시적 차원에서 다니엘과 창세기 본문들 속에 내장된 인유의 신호 및 기능을 확인한 뒤, 두 본문이 상호 작용하여 만드는 의미들을 읽어내는 거시적 차원의 분석으로 이동한다. 다니엘 3장은 창세기 10장과 11장을 그 서사의 배경 속으로 끌어들이며, 느부갓네살의 반역적인 정치적 야심, 즉 과거에 하나님에 의해 철저히 와해되었던 인류의 집단적 에너지를 자신의 제국을 통해 회복하고 나아가 자신의 지배를 받는 모든 정복민들에 대한 현재의 제국적 통치를 확고히 하려는 황제의 궁극적 목표에 서사의 초점을 맞춘다. 그럼으로써 다니엘 3장은 창조주 하나님의 절대적 주권이 어떻게 인간 제국의 정치 권력을 압도하는지, 그리고 하늘의 주재를 반역하는 인간의 패권주의가 얼마나 인간의 존엄을 심각하게 훼손하고 인간 사회를 죽음 같은 부조리로 몰고 가는지 신랄한 신학적 비평을 제공한다.

Abstract

As well stated by John Calvin the principal leader of the Protestant Reformation, a crucial help in understanding a biblical text comes from comparing it with another. In this essay, examining Daniel 3 in light of the Babel accounts in Genesis, I interpret Daniel 3 according to the tradition of the Reformed theology (Scriptura sui ipsius interpres). In doing so, the theory of literary allusion advanced by Ziva Ben-Porat, proves quite fruitful. The narrative of Daniel 3 appropriates two primeval stories of imperialism in Babel, while envisioning Diaspora Jews’ faith and worldview during the period of the Babylonian exile (6 B.C.E). On one level, Daniel 3 adopts as its backdrop the historical event that the descendants of Noah’s three sons spread over all the earth according to their peoples, tribes, and languages after the Flood (Genesis 10). According to Gen 11:1-9, postdiluvian humankind’s scattered settlement results from its rebellious enterprise of a gigantic construction in Babel and God’s judgmental reaction to it, on the other. The narrative in Daniel 3 alludes persistently to the Genesis Babel: the primal empire of humankind and its imperial project of construction. Through literary allusions Daniel 3 recycles, expands, or transforms the details of the Babel story in Genesis. In doing so, Daniel 3 exposes Israel’s social and religious conflict with the ancient imperialism and, more significantly, highlights the divine sovereignty that characterizes Daniel 3 as a theological critique of imperialism based on the human depravity.

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