滿洲國(1932~1945)의 時憲書발행과 그 정치적 의미

Abstract

Traditionally before the modernization to change and establish the calendar system often contributed to the strength and justification of the legitimacy of Kings or emperors in East Asia. In particular the weaker their legitimacy to rule the country, the better the strategy of the establishment of new calendar system which equated the symbol of the power of the ruler became for the unification of the consensus. For example, with the declaration of the Great Empire (大韓帝國： 1897-1910) the King Kojong (高宗：1852-1919) positively promoted the use of new solar calendar introduced by the West for the sake of his ruling legitimacy as a emperor. In addition he also declared the national holidays in accord with the calendar in order to promote the authority of the emperor and to pursue the unification among people. This kind of political process occurred in Japan and in Manchukuo (滿 洲國：1931-1945) in which the imperialistic ruling ideology was built most rapidly among other nations in Asia. As seen from the case of Manchukuo to build modern nation through 19th and 20th century in East Asia was about to encourage people to have a clear notion of the empire and authoritarian way of thinking. The establishment of national holidays for the purpose of PR in Manchukuo was that which strongly influenced by the national ceremonial tradition of the imperial Japan at the time. It was from the late of 1880s in Japan when students started to be sent for the national ceremony as main players and then in the late part of the Meiji Era the imperial nation and the court was openly praised in all of the national events. The government of Korea in the late of 19th century propagated in public that the establishment of solar calendar system was the necessary path to the modern nation as the imperial Japan did. So both governments also developed a series of political reformation in the name of the ‘creation of tradition’in order to solidify the authenticity of the empire and the court. Manchukuo which was comparatively late built in the 1930 also keen to build itself as modern nation. Ironically Manchukuo decided on the revival of the traditional calendar system from the precious Ching dynasty and the ideology of the Confucianism which stressed the‘ way of King’. With a slogan of building modern nation and introduction of imperial national events which was already practiced by the imperial Japan Manchukuo pursued a plan to build a modern nation but at the same time it was eager to revive the cultural heritage of the Ching dynasty. Declaring itself as the empire and calling the consul of the Ching dynasty emperor were part of the process to strength the foundation of the nation in which the plan to revive the tradition of the Ching was practiced because its legitimacy was not powerful enough to persuade people and the international society. In this process the precious calendar system was rebuilt, national holidays were introduced and the issue of new calendar became a tool for the PR of the nation. This paper focused on the political implication of the declaration of new calendar system in the perspective of a way to define their national identification in East Asia. This approach was initiated from the recognition of the existence of the Koreans who resided in the Manchu area and started to raise a question of their identification： some Koreans who moved to the area in the mid of the 19th century became an objective of ethnic discrimination with the nation building of Manchukuo, which didn’t happen to the Japanese in the area. The identification of the Chinese-Koreans in the Manchu area is very complicated and complex so that this issue needs another detailed research further. So the study of the process and identification of the nation building of Manchukuo in the 1930s can be useful to look into the formation of their identification and the historical and political implication of the area as well. This study is a first step to reveal the historical status of the nation building of Manchukuo and the political meaning of its establishment of new calendar system. By identifying the characteristics of Manchukuo we could get a picture of the history of the enactment of new calendar and its historical significance.