淸代 吉林烏拉의 형성과 漢人 移住에 따른 변화

Abstract

The center of the Jilin area in Qing Dynasty was the Jilin Ula Fortress. It began to function as the center of the area as the Jilin Shipyard and the fortress were completed in 1657 and 1673, respectively. The dynasty constructed them in the area in order to oppose to southward movement of Russia. After the border issue settled after the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, Jilin Ula became a key point in the area along with Shenyang in Liaoning for crucial administrative and military roles in the Qing government’s northeastern policies as well as being a commercial center that covered the entirety of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The fortress was built by taking full advantage of the geographic and natural environments of Songhua River. Several extensions and reconstruction works, undertaken later in response to the increasing population and economic activities, enlarged the fortress, making it the central city of that time. The growing number of immigrants into the area due to the execution of Liaodong zhaokenling and the blockade policy (封禁政策)during the Qing period resulted in rapid development of the Jilin Ula area. Those immigrants included Ba-Qi soldiers and liuren (流人) during the reigns of the emperors Shunzi and Kangxi, and liumin (流民) during the reign of Emperor Qianlong who took important roles for such developments. The increase in the area’s population brought commercial development and attracted many merchants across the country, whose presence was represented by the establishment of huiguan buildings (會館) and large-scale transactions for tobacco and hemp. Being the economic center of the entire northeastern region, the merchants in Jilin Ula employed water and inland transportation networks to transport and sell various products, including foodstuffs, to other areas in the Jilin region as well as to the Amur River and Ussuri River regions. Jilin Ula had many immigrants from inland China throughout the Qing period and evolved and developed as a political, administrative,military, and economic center of the northeastern region.