청말 길림-흑룡강 鑛務와 동북 국경 지역 지배 재편(1860~1911)

Abstract

This paper attempts to investigate the relevance of the reorganization of the ruling system in the northeastern border area of the Qing Dynasty and the mining policy in the Jilin and Heilongjiang regions during the late Qing Dynasty (1860-1911). In late Qing period, the border area of Jilin and Heilongjiang faced a crisis due to the external advance of imperialist countries such as Russia and Japan, and internally, the illegal immigration of Korean refugees and Koreans. In response to these challenges, the Qing dynasty investigated the northeastern border and promoted ‘border demarcation’ work to reorganize the ruling system of the border zone. In the Qing Dynasty's work to determine the northeastern border, the development of mines in the border area was a very important task. This paper shows the mining policy in the Qing-Russian border area in the middle and upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River, including Mohe(漠河), and in the Qing-Choseon border area in the Tumen River area, including Hunchun(琿春) and Yanji(延吉), as examples. As gold mines were discovered in the mid-19th century in the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, centered around Mohe, Russians and Han Chinese immigrants illegally mined gold and established autonomous governments in the area. In response, the Qing dispatched troops in the 1880s to expel the Russians and promoted mining development in earnest. At the same time, defenses were strengthened by installing karun (guard posts) and air defense stations in the Mohe gold mine area, and a new road network was built. Through these activities of the Qing Dynasty, the population of the Mohe area near the frontier of Heilongjiang area increased and urbanization and commercialization progressed, and the Qing Dynasty authorities strengthened administrative power by establishing states and counties such as Mohe cheng and Huma County in this area. The Mining policy was also promoted in connection with the Qing dynasty's border confirmation work in Hunchun and Yanji in the Tumen River basin, the border area between the Qing Dynasty and Joseon. In the case of the Tianbao Mountain(天寶山) silver mine in Yanji, a diplomatic dispute arose over mining interests as the ‘Gando Issue(間島問題)’ between the Qing Dynasty, Choseon, and Japan intensified. In the case of gold mines in the Hunchun East District, gold mine development was promoted in the process of responding to the Qing Dynasty's eastern border issues with Russia and the gold price issue. In order to protect its interests in the Tianbao Mountain(天寶山) mine, the Qing blockaded the Tianbao Mountain silver mine and pursued diplomatic negotiations with Japan. It also recruited the gold bandits forces in the gold mine area of Donggou(東溝) in Hunchun and strengthened its administrative and military power. Mines in the northeastern border area during the late Qing Dynasty were the cause of sensitive diplomatic disputes with Russia, Choseon, and Japan. However, it also served as an important stepping stone for the Qing dynasty to strengthen its control over the border region. In this respect, it can be said that the Mining policy in the northeastern border area in late Qing was not simply a means of economic development but a means of reorganizing the border governance system.