19세기 盛京 東邊外 山場의 管理와 朝ㆍ淸 公同會哨

Abstract

After the conquest of China, the Qing divided Manchuria into three military districts, Shengjing盛京, Jilin吉林, and Heilongjiang黑龍江. While it was in 1740 when the closing(封禁) of Manchuria, by which no more Han Chinese were allowed to migrate and settle in Manchuria, was ordered by the Qianlong乾隆 emperor, the area beyond the Eastern Willow Palisade盛京東邊 had been off limits to civilian people ever since the Shunzhi順治 reign, in order to preserve the natural resources, especially ginseng, in the mountainous region and to prevent diplomatic troubles with Joseon朝鮮 Korea. Six gates along the Eastern Willow Palisade and the guard posts, or karun卡倫, between the Willow Palisade and the Yalu鴨錄 River were instrumental to implement this policy. By the early 19th century, the Qing had established eighteen guard posts in this region and stationed several hundred banner officials and soldiers in these guard posts. Higher military officials were also dispatched by the Shengjing general for regular inspection tours on seasonal basis. Despite all these institutional arrangements, many Han Chinese entered this area, either by land or by river, to engage in timber business or land reclamation. In 1840s, when the Joseon government found many illegally cultivated farms and illegal Han Chinese residents to the west of Yalu River and asked the Qing court to destroy the farms so as to prevent possible diplomatic troubles, the Qing rearranged the control system over this forbidden area. New guard posts were established at three locations along the Yalu River and the regular inspection tour by higher officials began to cover the border area. The Qing court asked the Joseon government to begin a joint patrol system(公同會哨), in which the latter also sent a border official, with ships and soldiers, to participate in the regular inspection tour twice a year. In addition, the Qing dispatched imperial commissioner(欽差大臣) to this area every three years. New system, however, eventually turned out to be unable to check the influx of Han Chinese immigrants by mid-1860s, when the Qing had no choice but to give up the traditional policy and begin to introduce the regular local administration system, or zhouxian州縣, for Han Chinese population and their lands.