EU 환경정책의 NEPIs의 적용과 그 실태
New Environmental Policy Instruments in the European Union and Their use
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유럽연합은 환경정책 자체를 발전시킬 뿐만이 아니라 환경정책의 정책수단도 발전시켜왔다. 초기에는 명령-통제 모델의 개입주의적인 정책수단이 주로 사용되었고 1980년대에 오면서 경제적 유인 정책이 사용되었다. 1990년대에 들어오면서는 맥락지향적정책수단의 사용이 강조되고 있다. 이러한 정책 수단의 변화가 나타나는 것은 유럽 환경정책의 정책환경이 바뀌고 있기 때문이다. 국제적으로 환경문제의 중요성에 대한 인식이 높아지고 환경문제의 심각성이 높아지고 또한 전체적인 철학이 탈규제 중심으로가게 됨에 따라 정책수단의 전환이 요구되었다. 그러나 실제로 유럽연합이 사용하고있는 정책수단을 살펴보면 명령-통제 수단이 대다수이다. 1990년대에 들어오면서 에코마크나 EMAS와 같은 수단이 사용되고 환경세도 도입되고 있어서 증가추세에 있지만 아직 그렇게 많은 것은 아니다. 이런 사용이 적은 이유는 환경단체들의 반대와 유럽연합내 국가들의 상이함 때문이다. 그러나 신생회원국의 가입과 더불어 보다 효율적이며 효과적인 환경정책의 수립 및 집행을 위해서는 환경단체들을 중심으로 한 적극적인 새로운 정책수단의 적응이 필요하다.
Abstract
The EU has developed not only the environmental policy itself, but also it has suggested the introduction of new environmental policy instruments. At the beginning, the EU took mainly the command-control instrument. Since 1980’s the community started to adopt economic induced instruments such as state aids, tradable permits and environmental taxes. With the 5th environmental action programme, the EU suggested the context-oriented instruments such as VAs and ecolable. This transformation is a response to the change of policy environment of the EU, which is caused by the high consciousness on environmental problem, seriousness of the problem and its characteristic of transboundarity. However, actually, the EU does not employ new environmental instruments as much as expected. It is because the ENGOs do not prefer these new environmental policy instruments because of their lack of compulsory force. But still the ENGOs are playing an important role to adjust the new member states of East and Middle European countries to the European environmental regime.
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