중견국가와 기여외교：그 유형과 적용
Middle Powers’ Contribution Diplomacy：Its Typology and Cases
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초록
이 논문은 중견국가의 기여외교 유형을 하드파워와 소프트파워 간의 균형 여부를 기준으로 하여 현실주의형·이상주의형·혼합형으로 분류한다. 나아가 이를 각각 신흥 중견국가, 북유럽 중견국가, 그리고 전통적 중견국가의 대표 사례에 적용, 그 실제 작동 메커니즘을 분석한다. 기여외교는 기본적으로 소프트파워 외교의 일환이라는 점에서 하드파워의 열세를 공통적인 한계로 지니고 있는 중견국가들에게 매우 유용한 외교정책 수단으로 인식된다. 그러나 중견국가의 기여외교는 그 동기, 방식, 추진체계 등 여러 측면에서 차이점을 드러내는데, 이 논문은 하드파워와 소프트파워의 상대적 부존도에서 그 원인을 찾는다. 실제로 브라질과 인도 등 하드파워형 중견국가는 현실주의적 기여외교를 지향한 반면, 북유럽의 소프트파워형 중견국가는 이상주의적 성향을 나타냈다. 호주와 캐나다 등 균형적 중견국가들은 현실주의와 이상주의적인 모습이 공존하는 기여외교를 추구했다. 한국은 신흥 또는 북유럽 중견국가에 준하는 조건을 결여하고 있다. 따라서 창조적인 아이디어의 공급 등 전통적 중견국가에 가까운 혼합형 기여외교를 추진하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.
Abstract
This article explores the types and cases of international contribution diplomacy of middle powers(MPs). Based on the relative endowment between hard and soft power, it classifies the ideal types of contribution diplomacy as realist, idealist and hybrid. Further it applies such typology to the cases of emerging, Nordic, and traditional MPs, respectively, and analyzes their practices in international development and peacekeeping cooperation. The motives and methods of MPs’ contribution diplomacy are theoretically a function of the balance of hard and soft power resources, because international contribution is to increase the latter and to compensate for deficit in the former. Emerging MPs, such as Brazil and India, endowed with relatively abundant hard power, tend to follow a realist model of contribution diplomacy, whereas soft power-rich Nordic MPs follow an idealist model. And the traditional MPs like Canada and Australia are in between the two ideal types, which reflects their balanced hardsoft capabilities. This finding suggests that Korea, a balanced MP, pursue a hybrid model of contribution diplomacy in which realist and idealist elements coexist.
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