나토 확장에 따른 러시아 엘리트 그룹의 행위전략과 정책산출
The Actor Strategy and Policy Outputs of Russian Elite Groups in Response to NATO Expansion
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초록
새로운 냉전질서의 근본적인 동인(動因)은 패권국가 미국에 대한 러시아의 현상변경 시도에 있으며, 러시아의 다극적 세계질서 구축 노력은 나토에 대한 대항으로 표면화되고 있다. 하지만 현재까지 러시아와 나토의 대립과 관련한 근본적인 근인(根因)을 밝힌 연구는 희귀한 실정이며, 더욱이나토에 대한 러시아의 인식을 정치엘리트의 행위전략 차원에서 다룬 연구는 전무하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 연구 필요성을 적극 수용함으로써 러시아의 나토 확장정책에 대한 인식과 대응을 역사성에 기반하여 살펴보고 있다. 특히 통시적 측면에서 러시아 엘리트 그룹의 성향 변화에 따라 나토에 대한 행위전략과 정책산출이 어떻게 전환되는지 연구의 초점을 맞추고 있다. 분석 결과엘리트 그룹의 행위전략에 따른 정책산출은 옐친시기에 ‘호의적-기회주의’ 에서 푸틴 집권 1기에는 ‘실용적-기회주의’로 변화되었다가, 푸틴 2기 이후에는 ‘적대적-경쟁’으로 전환된 것을 확인하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 러시아의 우크라이나 침공으로 새로운 냉전질서가창출되고 있다는 관점에서 기존의 냉전기와 탈냉전기를 ‘전기 냉전기’와‘간냉전기’, ‘후기 냉전기’로 구분하였으며, 이러한 시기 구별로 인해 우크라이나 전쟁은 후기 냉전기가 본격화됨을 알리는 중대한 변곡점으로 작용하고 있다는 새로운 사실을 발견하였다.
Abstract
The fundamental impetus behind the emerging new Cold War order lies in Russia’s attempt to reshape the power dynamics vis-à-vis the hegemonic power, the United States. Russia’s efforts to establish a multipolar world order are manifesting as resistance against NATO. However, research shedding light on the fundamental drivers behind the confrontation between Russia and NATO remains scarce, particularly studies addressing Russia’s perceptions of NATO within the realm of political elite actor strategies are virtually non-existent. This study actively addresses the necessity for such research by examining perceptions and responses to Russia’s NATO expansion policy based on historical context. Specifically, it focuses on how the actor strategies and policy outputs regarding NATO shift according to changes in the tendencies of Russian elite groups from a longitudinal perspective. The analysis reveals that policy outputs following elite group actor strategies shifted from a ‘friendly-opportunistic’ approach during the Yeltsin era to a ‘pragmatic-opportunistic’ one during Putin’s first term, and then transitioned to an ‘antagonistic-competitive’ stance after Putin’s second term. In addition, this study classifies the existing Cold War period and post-Cold War period into ‘the First Cold War’, ‘the inter-Cold War period’ and ‘the Second Cold War’ from the perspective that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is creating a new Cold War order. Due to these period distinctions, I have discovered a new fact that the Ukraine war acts as a significant turning point, signaling the onset of the Second Cold War.
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