浮石寺 無量壽殿 塑造佛坐像 硏究 - 특히 신라 화엄종 주존불상 도상의 화엄교의적 성격과 관련하여

Abstract

The Seated Clay Buddha Statue enshrined as the main Buddha Statue of Buseok-sa Muryangsujeon has an extremely high significance and value as the main statue of fundamental Buddhist seminary of Shilla Hwaeom sect. However, the Seated Clay Buddha Statue of Muryangsujeon has been indeterminately assumed to be the Amitabha Buddha Images created in early Koryo Dynasty period in late 7th century when monk Uisang founded Buseok-sa but left much to be desired in terms of concrete discussion of the form and style of statue or iconographic implications. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to identify the time of period building the large scale Buddhist temple and statues by examining the history of Buseok-sa and analyzing the style of Buddha statues. In addition, I have discussed whether the iconography of Amitabha Buddha Images with Xuanzang can be established in Shilla in late 7th century. And I have interpreted the background of honoring the Xuanzang Amitabha Buddha Images as the main Buddha statue in temples of Shilla Hwaeom sect based on the Uisang’s view of Hwam Buddha. The Seated Clay Buddha Statue of Buseok-sa Muryangsujeon features a dignified appearance and flexible body of the Buddha, which indicates the influence of the Buddha statue style in the First Half of the Unified Silla. However, the presence of jewel on the crown of the head, lack of perfect harmony with organic connection of different parts of the body and schematic processing of clothing wrinkles implies that it was created in early Koryo Dynasty period. Meanwhile, the description of 『Song Goseungjeon(宋高僧傳)』, 『Samguk-Sagi(三國史記)』, and 『Heritage of the Three States(三國遺事)』 indicates that Buseok-sa was in grand scale from the very beginning stage of its construction and its core location is considered to be around where Muryangsujeon is currently sitting. And the Seated Clay Buddha Statue of Muryangsujeon arranged to be directed toward the side instead of the front is presumably attributed to the fact that the main Buddha statue of Buseok-sa during its foundation period served as a benchmark, which resulted in the identical iconography and size and that the existing pedestal of the main Buddha statue was reused to have the same exposure as well. Next, the fact that 「Wonyung Guksabi(圓融國師碑)」 reveals that Sakyamuni Buddha and Amitabha Buddha are basically the same from a doctrinal perspective and that the Amitabha Buddha Images of Buseok-sa was enshrined as the main Buddha image leads to presumption that the main Buddha statue of Buseok-sa during the foundation period was the Amitabha Buddha Images with Xuanzang. Tang Dynasty in late 7th century was influenced by iconographic aspects of Geumgang Jwajinyongsang of Bodh Gaya Mahabodhi Temple in India, including the main Buddha statue in the illustration of the Pure Land Paradise of Buddha Amitabha of Tunhuang Cave No.335 so that the Amitabha Buddha Images dressed with his left shoulder covered while featuring Xuanzang were created. Since Buseok-sa was founded through a national support, it is highly likely that master artisans in Wanggyeong were mobilized in the project of building the temple. Therefore, the main Buddha statue of Buseok-sa during the foundation period could be embodied as the latest Xuanzang iconography of the time widely known throughout the Wanggyeong region. Monk Uisang honored the Amitabha Buddha Images of Hwaeom Ilseong that has the same doctrinal concept as that of Virocana Buddha Images, which is the doctrinal principle of the Avatamska Sutra appropriate for a main Buddha statue of the fundamental Buddhist seminary of Hwaeom sect as the main Buddha statue. From the Uisang’s perspective of discourse of Hwaeom Buddha’s Body, the Seated Clay Buddha Statue of Muryangsujeon could be considered to represent the Hwaeom Thought aligned with the Shilla society and Buddhists’ requests at the time. The Amitabha Buddha Images of Hwaeom Ilseong, which represent the Sakyamuni Buddha with Xuanzang have significant implications in that they feature iconographic aspects of the main Buddha statue differentiated from those in surrounding countries of the same Buddhism and represent the unique doctrinal characteristics of Shilla Hwaeom sect.