선하증권상 국제상사중재 합의에 관한 비교법적 고찰
Comparative Study on International Arbitration Agreements in the Bill of Lading
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Arbitration is a method of dispute resolution involving one or more neutral third parties who are usually agreed to by the disputing parties and whose decision is binding. Sometimes parties agree to provisions that appear only to consider arbitration as an optional or unilateral means of dispute resolution if future disputes arise, but not to require mandatory submission of future disputes to arbitration. If the dispute is subjected to arbitration, the claimant has the option to arbitrate either in the place designated in the agreement or in any other place chosen from a list that tracks article 66(a)'s list of permissible forums under the Rotterdam Rules, namely, in the place of arbitration in additional agreements. Just as choice-of-court agreements in volume contracts are enforceable under defined circumstances, so the place of arbitration in exclusive arbitration agreement is binding on the immediate parties to a volume contract if essentially the same requirements are met. On the other hand, the requirement is that the words of incor- poration must be apt to describe the charter party clause sought to be incorporated - the ‘description issue’. While the attitude of the courts has varied in the strictness of their approach over the years, the effectiveness of suitably drafted words of incorporation may be illustrated by the range of charter party provisions which have been held enforceable against the bill of lading holder. It is rather usual that carrier attempts to make the terms and conditions of charter party applicable to Bills of Lading by incorporation clause. The court judgment distinguished a general incorporation clause and a specific incorporation clause and held that in order for an arbitration clause in the charter party to be validly incorporated by a specific incorporation clause. The arbitration agreement shall be in writing. An agreement is in writing if it is contained in a document signed by the parties or in an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommuni- cation which provide a record of the agreement, or in an exchange of statements of claim and defence in which the existence of an agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by another. The reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement provided that the contract is in writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract.
Abstract
Arbitration is a method of dispute resolution involving one or more neutral third parties who are usually agreed to by the disputing parties and whose decision is binding. Sometimes parties agree to provisions that appear only to consider arbitration as an optional or unilateral means of dispute resolution if future disputes arise, but not to require mandatory submission of future disputes to arbitration. If the dispute is subjected to arbitration, the claimant has the option to arbitrate either in the place designated in the agreement or in any other place chosen from a list that tracks article 66(a)'s list of permissible forums under the Rotterdam Rules, namely, in the place of arbitration in additional agreements. Just as choice-of-court agreements in volume contracts are enforceable under defined circumstances, so the place of arbitration in exclusive arbitration agreement is binding on the immediate parties to a volume contract if essentially the same requirements are met. On the other hand, the requirement is that the words of incor- poration must be apt to describe the charter party clause sought to be incorporated - the ‘description issue’. While the attitude of the courts has varied in the strictness of their approach over the years, the effectiveness of suitably drafted words of incorporation may be illustrated by the range of charter party provisions which have been held enforceable against the bill of lading holder. It is rather usual that carrier attempts to make the terms and conditions of charter party applicable to Bills of Lading by incorporation clause. The court judgment distinguished a general incorporation clause and a specific incorporation clause and held that in order for an arbitration clause in the charter party to be validly incorporated by a specific incorporation clause. The arbitration agreement shall be in writing. An agreement is in writing if it is contained in a document signed by the parties or in an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommuni- cation which provide a record of the agreement, or in an exchange of statements of claim and defence in which the existence of an agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by another. The reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement provided that the contract is in writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract.
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