정당 간 양극화를 통해 본 유권자의 투표참여
Voters’ participation in Election and Partisan Polarization
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본 연구는 유권자들의 적극적 투표참여에 영향을 미치는 요인이 무엇인지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다 특히 정당 간 양극화를 보는 . , 유권자의 인식이 투표참여에 어떠한 방향으로 영향을 미치고 있는지 알아보려 한다. 투표참여에 관한 기존 연구들은 현재 일어나고 있는 투표율 상승을 설명하는 데 한계가 있다. 이를 좀 더 포괄적으로 설명하기 위해서는 정당 간 양극화가 어떻게 유권자에게 다가오고 있는가에 대해 알아봐야 한다. 정당 간 양극화의 이념적 대립을 보는 학자들은 투표율과 정당 간 양극화의 부정적 관계를 주장하고 있다. 반면, 정당 간 양극화로 인한 정당 차별성, 유권자의 이해관계, 반대 정당의 위협을 주장하는 학자들은 투표율 상승을 말하고 있다. 제21대 국회의원선거를 통해 두 변수 모두 투표참여에 다른 방향으로 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 두 정당에 대해 상반되는 호감도를 가지고 있을수록 투표에 참여하지만 두 정당 간 이념 평가 차이가 커질수록 투표에 참여하지 않는다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 과거에 투표에 참여한 유권자가 투표불참을 결정하는 데 있어 영향을 미치는 요인은 정당 호감도차이 변수와 함께 정당 이념 평가 차이 변수라는 점을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 과거 투표에 불참한 유권자가 투표참여 결정을 내리는 데 있어 영향을 미치는 요인은 정당 간 호감도 차이 변수였다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 엘리트 간 이념 양극화는 유권자의 투표행태에 커다란 영향을 미치고 있다는 점을 알 수 있었으며 상승하는 투표율을 이해하는 데 있어 중요한 요인임을 파악할 수 있었다. 정당 간 이념 양극화를 정당 간 갈등으로 이해하는 유권자들은 투표로부터 멀어지고 있지만 이들보다는 자신의 이해관계 그리고 자신이 속한 집단에 대한 위협으로 느끼며 투표에 참여하는 유권자가 많다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 정당일체감을 통한 유권자의 정서적 양극화는 유권자의 투표행태를 설명하는 중요한 요인으로 자리 잡을 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of partisan polarization on voters' participation in elections. Likewise, it investigates whether voters' participation in elections shows different patterns depending on their preference for political parties and the evaluation of ideological differences between political parties. Existing literatures on voting participation have limitations in explaining the increase of voting turnout. To explain this more comprehensively, it is necessary to find out how partisan polarization has an effect on the electorate. Scholars who consider partisan polarization to be the ideological confrontation argue for the negative relationship between turnout and partisan polarization. However, scholars who see party discrimination, interests of voters, and threats from opposing parties from partisan polarization suggest the rising voting turnout. Statistical result shows that both variables have an influence on voting participation in different directions in the 21st General election. In other words, the more the electorate have conflicting preference for the two parties, the more they participate in the election. But, the more the electorate evaluate the ideological differences between the two parties, the less they participate in the election.The variables having effect on the voters who participated in the previous election but didn't participate in the 2020 election are the difference in party preference and the difference in party ideology. However, the factor that influences the voters who did not participate in the previous election but have did participate in the 2020 election is the difference in preference between parties. These results show that partisan polarization has a great influence on the voting behavior of the electorate, and it is an important factor in understanding rising voting turnout. The study finds that some voters who understand partisan polarization as conflict between parties are moving away from voting, but there are more voters who connects partisan polarization as a threat to their interests and their group participate in elections. In result, it is expected that affective polarization be an important factor in explaining voting behavior of the electorate.
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