정치이념, 정책의 중요성, 그리고 정서적 양극화: 제20대 대통령선거
Political Ideology, Policy Importance, and Affective Polarization in the 20th South Korean Presidential Election
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최근 세계적으로 목격되는 정서적 양극화의 현상에서 한국 역시 예외는 아니다. 정서적 양극화의 원인을 설명하기 위해 몇몇 연구들은 사회정체성 이론에 입각하여 당파적 정체성과 당파적 배열에 근거한 논리를 제공하는 반면, 또 다른 연구들은 유권자들 사이의 정치이념과 정책선호에 주목한다. 본 연구는 두 가지 설명논리가 병렬적이지 않고, 그 대신 당파적 정체성의 심화에 따른 정서적 양극화의 표출이 정치이념 및 정책선호의 강도에 의해서 더욱 강하게 나타날 수 있다고 주장한다. 그리고 이를 제20대 대통령선거에서의 한국 유권자들을 대상으로 경험적으로 검증한다. 구체적으로, 본 연구의 경험적 분석결과는 사회정체성 이론에 근거한 당파적 정체성과 정서적 양극화 간 양의 상관관계가 중도보다 진보 혹은 보수적 정치이념 강도가 강한 유권자들 사이에서 더 두드러진다는 것을 보여준다. 뿐만 아니라, 양자의 관계는 정책을 중요하게 여기는 유권자들 사이에서도 더욱 강해지는 것으로 확인된다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 한국 유권자들의 정서적 양극화가 당파적 정체성뿐만 아니라 정치이념 및 정책에 의해 함께 추동되고 있음을 보인다.
Abstract
South Korea, like other democracies, recently experiences affective polarization. Some scholars, based on social identity theory, explain that partisan identity leads to the rise of affective polarization, while others focus on political ideology and policy preferences to explain it. In this study, we argue that the two perspectives are not independent, but rather intertwined each other. Specifically, we expect that both voters' political ideology and the degree to which policy is important for their vote choice may condition the positive relationship between partisan identity and affective polarization. Analyzing original survey data fielded before the 20th South Korean Presidential Election, we find empirical evidence that supports our expectation. That is, the relationship between the two appears more salient among those with extreme political ideology and those who perceive policy is important for their vote choice. In sum, our findings suggest that political ideology and policy attitudes as well as partisan identity concurrently produce South Korean voters' affective polarization.
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