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2020년 미국 하원선거 선거자금 분석: 개인후원금과 후보자 이념강도를 중심으로

An Analysis of Campaign Finance of the 2020 US House Election: Focus on the role of Individual Contributions and the Strength of Ideology in Economic Issues

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초록

본 연구는 2020년 미국 하원선거에서 모금되고 지출된 선거자금을 분석하였다. 구체적으로 선거에 입후보한 800명의 선거자금 관련 데이터를 연방선관위(FEC) 홈페이지를 통해 확보하고 후보자의 개인적 특성과 매칭하였다. 분석 결과, 후보자의 리더십과 개인후원금 비중, 경제적 이념강도, 그리고 소속 정당이 선거자금의 모금액과 일관되게 통계적인 유의성을 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 특별히 정치활동위원회(PAC)나 소수의 고액기부자가 아닌 개인후원금의 비중이 선거자금 모금에 영향을 미친다는 경험적 발견은 선거자금 확보를 위해 후보자들이 개인 유권자들과의 접촉을 더 늘려야 한다는 의미를 가질 수 있다. 또한, 강력한 경제적 이념강도가 선거자금 모금에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 발견 역시 정치적으로 양극화된 환경에서도 의회내 중위자(median)의 역할이 중요하다는 함의를 지닌다. 마지막으로 이상의 경험적 발견이 우리나라의 현행 정치자금법 개정 이슈에 어떤 시사점을 지닐 수 있을지에 대해서도 논의하였다.

Abstract

The study aims to analyze the 2020 US House election campaign finance. Contribution and spending data of 800 candidates have been collected from the Federal Election Commission website. Additionally, the data have been matched to candidates' personal characteristics including leadership position, ideology, incumbency status, and other demographic factors such as gender and race. The results show that leadership position, the amount of individual contribution, the strength of ideology in economic issues, and party membership have been significantly associated with the amount of contribution. The findings imply that, first, political candidates should contact to individual constituents, not PACs or mega donors, to raise more campaign finance. Additionally, it suggests that median voters are sill important in the current politically divided environment because ideological strengths are negatively related to the amount of contribution. All together, the findings may have some lessons for the Political Funds revision discourses in Korea.

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