베드로후서 1:4와 신격화
2 Peter 1:4 and Deification
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신격화(θεοποίησις 혹은 θέωσις)는 20세기 중후반부터 서방 신학자들에게 매력적인 연구의 대상이 되어 왔다. 루터파 신학자 중에서는 “새 핀란드 학파”(the New Finnish School)라 칭해지는 마르틴 루터(1483-1546)의 신학에 대한 새로운 해석의 장을 연 투오모 만네르마(Tuomo Mannermaa, 1937-2015)가 신격화를 루터파 전통 안에 긍정적으로 수용하였다. 개혁주의 신학자 중에서는 토마스 F. 토렌스(Thomas F. Torrance, 1913-2007)가 신격화를 칼빈과 개혁주의 전통과 조화시키기 위해 노력하였다. 그러나 개혁주의 신학자들에게 신격화는 “매력적임과 동시에 두려움을 주는 신비”(mysterium fascinans et tremendum)로서 여전히 논의해야 할 4가지 문제들을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 신격화는 하나님과 피조물 사이의 존재론적 차이를 희석한다; 둘째, 신격화는 우리 밖에서(extra nos) 이루어진 칭의의 법정적 측면을 약화한다; 셋째, ‘신격화’라는 개념의 정의가 다양하거나 혹은 불명확하다; 넷째, 신격화에 대한 성경 주석적 근거를 제시해야 한다. 본 논문은 ‘신격화’와 관련하여 개혁주의 입장에서 제기되는 이 네 가지 문제를 해결하는 데 기여하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 본고는 신격화의 대표적인 성경 구절인 베드로후서 1:4를 해석하여 신격화에 대한 성경 주석적 근거를 제시한다. 또한 헬라 교부 중 니사의 그레고리우스(Gregory of Nyssa, c.335-c.395)의 신격화 이해를 다루어 신격화에 대한 교부신학적 이해를 제시한다. 이로써, 본 논문은 베드로후서 1:4와 그레고리우스가 말하는 신격화는 하나님의 본질(οὐσία) 혹은 본성(φύσις)에 참여하는 것이 아니라, “우리의 하나님이시고 주님”이신 그리스도께서 보이신 덕(에네르게이아, ἐνέργεια)에 참여하는 것임을 논증한다. 또한, 베드로후서 1:4와 그레고리우스의 기독론 중심적 신격화는 인간론적 가능성이 아니라 ‘우리 밖에’(extra nos) 있는 기독론적 가능성임을 제시함으로써, ‘법정적 칭의’를 통해 개혁주의 전통이 강조하는 것에 신격화가 부합함을 본 논문은 논증한다.
Abstract
The notion of deification(θεοποίησις) or divinization(θέωσις) has fascinated theologians from different traditions over a century. Among Lutheran theologians, Tuomo Mannermaa(1937-2015), who found “the New Finnish School” of interpretation of Martin Luther’s theology, accepted the theme of deification positively in the Lutheran tradition. Among Reformed theologians, Thomas F. Torrance(1913-2007) sought to reconcile the theme of deification with the theology of John Calvin. Yet the theme of deification, which appears as a mysterium fascinans et tremendum for Reformed theologians, has four issues. First, deification could end up blurring the Creator-creature distinction; second, deification undermines the forensic imputation of justification extra nos; third, the definition of deification appears to be diverse or unclear; lastly, deification needs to be explained by biblical exegetic studies. This paper attempts to contribute to solving the four issues, which have been discussed by Reformed theologians. It provides biblical exegetic grounds for deification by interpreting 2 Peter 1:4, and shows patristic-theological notion of deification by a study of Gregory of Nyssa(c.335-c.395). Based on the biblical and patristic studies, the paper argues that deification of 2 Peter 1:4 and of Gregory is participation in the virtues(ἐνέργεια) which Christ as “our God and Lord” revealed, not participation in God’s essence(οὐσία) or nature(φύσις). Besides, it argues that christocentric deification revealed by 2 Peter 1:4 and Gregory is not a possibility of human nature but christological possibility extra nos, and that deification is relevant to what the Reformed tradition stresses with forensic justification.
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