스웨덴의 경제위기 대응 방식과 위기협약: 2009년 노사협약과 2014년 노사정협약을 중심으로
Crisis agreements in coping with the economic crisis in Sweden: with a special reference to the 2009 bipartite agreement and the 2014 tripartite agreement
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스웨덴 제조업의 노동조합과 사용자단체는 세계금융위기 발발후 살츠쇠바덴협약의 노사자율 원칙을 위반하며 정부에 노사정 위기협약을 제안했다. 정부의 참여 거부 입장에도 노사단체들은 2009년 3월 자율적으로 위기대응 노사협약을 체결하여 노동시간 단축을 통해 고통을 분담함으로써 경제위기 극복에 크게 기여할 수 있었다. 이처럼 일견 모순적으로 보이는 위기협약의 내용과 동학을 분석·설명하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 본 연구에서 2009년 위기협약과 2014년 위기협약의 분석을 통해 확인할 수 있었던 사실은 네 가지로 축약될 수 있다. 첫째, 2009년 위기협약은 경제위기를 성공적으로 극복하는데 기여했고, 금속노조는 임금삭감을 양보하며 고용안정성을 확보할 수 있었다는 점에서 위기협약은 합리적 선택이었다고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 2009년 위기협약은 노동시간 단축 지원 제도의 도입 필요성을 확인해 주었다. 보수당 정부는 위기협약 참여를 거부했지만, 높은 실업률로 인해 노동시간 단축 지원 대신 실업급여 지급 방식으로 재정자원을 지출하게 되었다. 셋째, 보수당 정부는 2014년 위기협약에는 참여함으로써 2009년 위기협약 불참이 과오였을을 간접적으로 인정했으며, 보수당 정부의 2014년 위기협약 참여는 2009년 위기협약의 성과에 대한 긍정적 평가와 제조업 노사단체의 적극적인 대 정부 설득 노력의 결과라 할 수 있다. 넷째, 2009년과 2014년 위기협약은 노사단체들이 주도했다는 점에서 정부개입 요청에도 불구하고 노사자율주의의 스웨덴 모델을 부정하지 않고 보완했다.
Abstract
IF Metall and Tekniföretagen in the Swedish manufacturing industry, after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, proposed a tripartite crisis agreement with the government in violation of the Saltsjöbaden agreement’s principle of autonomous labor relations. Despite the conservative government's refusal, IF Metall and Tekniföretagen signed a crisis agreement in March 2009, contributing to overcoming the economic crisis by reducing working hours and sharing the expenses accompanied. It is the purpose of this study to analyze and explain the content and dynamics of the crisis agreements. This study identifies at least four points from the analysis of the 2009 crisis agreement and the 2014 crisis agreement. First, the 2009 crisis agreement contributed to the successful overcoming of the economic crisis, and it was IF metall’s strategic choice to secure employment security in exchange of wage cuts. Second, the 2009 crisis agreement confirmed the necessity of a new policy to support financially the reduction of working hours in times of economic crisis. The conservative government which refused to participate in the 2009 crisis agreement had to spend financial resources in the form of unemployment benefits instead of supporting the reduction of working hours, owing to the high unemployment rate. Third, by participating in the 2014 crisis agreement, the conservative government acknowledging indirectly that it was a mistake to refuse to participate in the 2009 crisis agreement. Fourth, the fact that IF Metall and Tekniföretagen, regardless of government’s participation or not, pursued crisis agreements twice in 2009 and in 2014 verifies that they did not go against the Saltsjöbaden agreement’s principle of autonomous labor relations.
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