인도네시아 2019: 오른쪽으로의 선회?
Indonesia 2019: Indonesia’s Rightward Tilt?
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인도네시아는 지난 2019년 한 해 동안 정치의 ‘다이내믹’한 양상을 보여주었다. 일반적으로 ‘다이내믹’하다는 단어가 갖는 긍정적인 함의와 달리 정치가 다이내믹하다는 것은 안정감이 부족하고 일정한 방향성이 없는, 즉 불확실성이 높다는 것으로 해석될 수 있다. 지난 몇 년 동안 인도네시아 정치는 다소 예측하기 어려운 방향으로 흘러갔다. 2019년 4월에 인도네시아는 소위 세계에서 가장 광범위하고 복잡한 선거를 성공적으로 치러내면서 제도적 민주주의의 공고함을 보여주었다. 하지만 이러한 제도적 민주주의의 공고화에도 불구하고, 최근 인도네시아 사회에서 종교적 관용의 축소와 정치의 보수화를 쉽게 목도할 수 있다. 경제 분야에서도 옴니버스 법안을 통해 투자환경을 개선하고 기업 경쟁력을 강화하려는 친기업적인 정서가 강해지고 있다. 지난 1년 동안의 조꼬위 대통령의 행보와 인도네시아 정부의 정책은 정치적 개혁을 열망했던 많은 시민들의 기대와는 다른 방향으로 전개되었지만, 거시적 관점에서 하나의 분명한 방향성을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구는 지난 2019년 한 해 동안 인도네시아에서 일어난 중요한 이슈를 살펴보고 각각의 이슈가 갖는 정치경제적 의미를 짚어보고자 한다. 이를 통해 막 집권 2기를 시작한 조꼬위 정부가 개혁과 안정, 민주주의 발전과 경제적 성장이라는 과제를 어떻게 풀어나갈지 전망해 보고자 한다. 더불어 2019년 한 해 동안 조꼬위 정부가 보여준 일련의 행보는 어떤 방향성을 보여주고 있는지 분석하고자 한다.
Abstract
Throughout the last year(2019), Indonesia revealed ‘dynamic’ aspects of Indonesian politics. In a sense, the word ‘dynamic’ has positive connotations but ‘dynamic’ in politics is likely to be interpreted as lack of stability and lack of constant direction, namely, high uncertainty. Recently Indonesia’s democracy is becoming more conservative and rather unpredictable. The election campaigns, as well as the election’s aftermath, were highly divisive due to the prevalence of religious-based identity politics and the political polarization of the candidates’ supporters. Indonesia’s House of Representatives(DPR) passed the Corruption Eradication Commission(KPK) bill into law on 5 September 2019, which curtailed the investigative powers of KPK. Also Indonesian lawmakers began debating controversial changes to the country’s criminal code. Thousands of students including citizens took to the street to protest against planned revisions of the Criminal Code and Corruption Eradication Commission laws. Even before the public had not finished the protest against the controversial bills, the plan on the drafting of a new law that was beyond public expectations suddenly popped up again. In the economic sector, the Indonesian government came up with the omnibus law to boost investment attraction and improve the investment environment. The laws aim to package multiple, unrelated areas of legislation that can be agreed with a single vote. It seems that recent indonesian politics is becoming less predictable, but it presents a clear direction in the big picture. President Jokowi is running state affairs with more emphasis on economic growth than political reform and consolidating democracy. President Jokowi and the government have been pursuing policies that may tolerate political conservatism and a setback in democracy for economic growth. This study aims to analyse the major issues of 2019 in Indonesia from a political and economic perspective and examine the political and economic implications of each issue. It also examines how the Jokowi government, which has just begun its second term, can strike a balance between its daunting missions such as economic stability and political reform, democratic consolidation and economic growth.
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