인도네시아 2021 민주주의 틀에 담긴 권위주의 유산
Indonesia 2021: the Lingering Authoritarian Legacy in the Framework of Democracy
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많은 이들의 기대와 달리, 코로나19가 확산되는 동안 조꼬위 대통령은 전면에 나서서 회의를 주재하고 방역에 필요한 조치를 취하기보다는 군 장성 출신의 정치인을 의지하고, 강력한 사회적 거리두기보다는 백신을 통한 집단면역을 강조하고, 익숙하고 과거의 경험치가 있는 권위주의 유산을 동원했다. 아울러 그는 민주적 절차보다는 현재의 경제적 발전이 추후 민주주의의 토대가 될 것이라고 믿는 모습을 보였다. 그런데 흥미롭게도 그에 대한 비판과 실망에도 불구하고 조꼬위 대통령은 팬데믹의 비상시국에도 높은 지지율을 유지하고 있다. 본 연구는 2021년 동안 일어난 정치 및 경제 분야의 주요 사건과 현황을 중심으로 인도네시아 사회의 변화와 역동성에 주목한다. 아시아금융위기 이후 급격하게 진행됐던 정치개혁이 장기화되고 있는 팬데믹을 대응하는 과정에서 어떤 변화를 꾀하고 있는지 살펴보고, 아울러 경제 발전과 인프라 건설에 국정 운영의 초점을 두었던 조꼬위 2기 정권의 경제 정책과 코로나바이러스 방역 사이에서의 갈등과 균형에 대해 고찰한다. 이를 통해 궁극적으로는 기대와 달리 그의 임기 동안 나타난 민주주의의 퇴보, 권위주의 유산을 활용하는 행보, 방역 실패 등에도 불구하고 여전히 민주주의에 대한 열망이 강한 국민으로부터, 조꼬위 대통령이 어떻게 높은 지지를 받는지에 대한 의문에 답을 구한다.
Abstract
Contrary to many's expectations, during the spread of COVID-19, President Joko Widodo relied on politicians with military backgrounds instead of presiding over meetings and taking the initiative to flatten COVID-19 curve, emphasizing herd immunity through vaccination rather than implementing strong quarantine, and mobilized a familiar and past-experienced authoritarian legacy. In addition, rather than pursuing democratic procedures, he seems to believe that current economic development would be the basis for democracy in the future. Interestingly, however, despite criticism and disappointment about him, President Joko Widodo maintains high support from the citizens aspiring democracy even in the pandemic emergency. The study focuses on changes in political reform, which have progressed rapidly since the Asian financial crisis, while Indonesia’s responding to the pandemic. It also examines the conflict and balance between mitigating the economic downturn caused by the pandemic and strong quarantine to curb the spread of coronavirus. Based on the finding, this study ultimately seeks to answer a question on how President Joko Widodo has been highly supported by the citizens who still have a strong desire for democracy despite democratic regression, reliance on authoritarian heritage, and quarantine failures that emerged during his term.
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