中国转基因作物基因污染侵权责任的建构路径研究
A Study on the Constructive Path of Tort Liability for Genetic Pollution of Genetically Modified Crops in China
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초록
随着农业转基因技术的迅猛发展，转基因作物的广泛种植虽有效提升农业产量和经济效益，但也带来了基因污染的问题。中国针对基因污染引发的民事损害责任，现行法律仍处于“空白”状态。本文首先明确基因污染侵害作为一种新型侵权责任形式，继而分析《民法典》在现有体系中难以直接规制转基因作物基因污染侵权，其他相关法规亦仅提供原则性或间接适用条款。进一步梳理发现，现行法在归责原则、构成要件及责任限制等方面均存在规范缺失。为此，本文借鉴域外经验并结合中国的实际，建构转基因作物基因污染侵权责任的规则路径。在归责原则方面，主张采用无过错责任原则，以凸显安全价值的优先地位。在构成要件方面，提出损害行为不应以违法性为前提，并采用“列举+兜底”条款形式对损害行为进行具体规定。损害结果应涵盖“重大损害风险”，并完善损害结果认定的标准与方法。在因果关系认定上，应确立举证责任倒置的因果关系推定原则及差异化证明标准机制。在责任承担限制方面，构建限额赔偿与合理抗辩事由体系。
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of agricultural biotechnology, the large-scale cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has significantly boosted agricultural productivity and economic gains, yet also raised concerns over genetic pollution. In China, civil tort liability for damages caused by genetic pollution remains largely unregulated under existing laws. This article first defines genetic pollution as a novel form of tortious conduct, and then examines the difficulties in directly applying the current Civil Code to regulate such infringements. Other relevant legal norms provide only abstract principles or indirect applicability. A further legal review reveals normative gaps in the strict liability principle, constitutive elements, and limitation of liability. To address these deficiencies, this paper draws on foreign legislative experience while tailoring solutions to China's legal and agricultural realities. It advocates adopting a strict liability principle to emphasize the primacy of biosafety. The definition of infringing acts should not hinge on illegality and should be specified through a “catalog-plus-residual clause” model. Damage should encompass a “significant risk of harm,” with clearer criteria for recognizing harmful outcomes. Regarding causation, a presumption of causality should be adopted through the reversal of the burden of proof, supported by differentiated evidentiary standards. Finally, the paper proposes establishing liability caps and reasonable defenses to shape a balanced system of liability.