미국의 보호관찰 민영화의 한계에 관한 연구
Issues of probation privatization in the U.S.
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이 연구의 목적은 미국의 보호관찰의 민영화 과정 및 문제점 등을 구체적으로 분석하여 점차 확대되고 있는 국가형사사무 민영화의 바람직한 정책적 토대형성에 기여하는 것이다. 미국의 보호관찰은 정치적 그리고 대중적인 지지를 받아 좀 더 강력한 보호관찰 및 가석방 시스템을 지지하며, 이는 보호관찰의 민영화를 촉진시키는 요인이기도 하다. 그런데 미국의 보호관찰 민영화는 그 긍정적 효과에도 불구하고, 몇 가지 문제점을 안고 있다. 첫째, 보호관찰의 기본적 이념인 범죄자에 대한 사회복귀 및 사회통합적 기능 보다 범죄자들에게 처벌 혹은 형벌적 형식을 가하는 지역사회의 감시라는 평가도 내려진다. 둘째, 범죄자에 대한 경제성을 추구하면서 범죄자에 대한 진정한 교정처우 프로그램을 제대로 제공하지 못할 우려가 있다. 셋째, 보호관찰기업은 민간기업이므로 결국 공익성 보다는 영리성을 우선 추구할 수 밖에 없다는 점이다. 국가경제의 위기는 형사사법계의 경제적 압력으로 이어져 보호관찰업계에 까지 심각한 영향을 주고 있다. 이는 보호관찰의 부실로 이어지는 위험이 있다. 넷째, 국가형벌권의 집행부담을 범죄자에게 부담지운다는 문제점이 있다. 이는 중범죄자의 경우 구금처우로 국가가 그 비용부담을 대부분 하지만, 오히려 경미범죄자들이 자신들의 보호관찰비용을 스스로 더 많이 부담하는 것은 형평성의 원칙에도 부합하지 않는다는 지적이다. 다섯째, 보호관찰관 인력의 전문성도 문제가 될 수 있다. 일부 주의 경우 보호관찰관의 학력이나 경력조건에 제한규정을 두지 않고 있으며, 임용 및 재직자 교육훈련 등의 요건이 미비된 경우도 있다. 여섯째, 보호관찰 비용의 징수의 문제이다. 경제적 불황 등으로 인한 보호관찰 수수료에 대한 징수율의 저하는 보호관찰 기업의 경영악화를 초래하는 한편, 대상자들의 경우 비용부담으로 인한 가정해체 등의 문제도 따르고 있다.
Abstract
Probation has been supported by political and popular in the United States. Citizens no longer want to use their taxes for prison. This recognition promotes factor the privatization of probation. Probation is a widely performed in the United States. Adult U.S. Population, one out of 45 people in probation condition, which is Bureau of Justice statistics collected data 1980 since continued until has grown recently 2010, but changed very little, trend shown declining. Privatization of probation in the United States, despite its positive effects, some have the problem. First, the basic ideology of probation for offenders return to society management and risk monitoring from rehabilitation and socialization. Second, the real interest of private probation companies is profit than correctional treatment service. Obviously the cost of probation is cheaper than prison privatization. For example, Now the program for a felony is replaced with simple community program because probationers decline by financial recession. Third, private probation corporate basically pursue profit than public interest. Fourth, private probation is burden to probationers replace state criminal costs. It's a felony if the detention by the country that treated the majority of costs, but rather slightly criminals themselves cost of their probation and to pay more does not conform to the principles of equality are pointed out. Fifth, the professionalism of the probation officer personnel may also be a problem. Some states have personnel recruit conditions but some states don't have qualified conditions. Sixth, the collection rate of private companies is problematic. Collection rate due to the economic downturn is getting harder. Probation fee is factor family disorganization.
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