미국의 민영교정산업의 성장배경과 쟁점
Background and Issues of US Private Corrections Industry Growth
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이 연구의 목적은 미국의 민영교정산업의 성장배경과 실태, 그리고 관련된 쟁점들을 분석하고, 그 시사점을 찾아보는 데 있다. 미국의 민영교정산업은 수용자의 노동력을 기업에 공급할 수 있도록 한 사법제도개선법에 근거를 둔다. 이 민영교정산업의 성장은 무관용주의를 바탕으로 한 삼진아웃법, 법정형기제, 절대형기제로 확보한 수용자의 노동력을 기반으로 하였다. 미국의 민영교정산업 성장의 이면에는 다음과 같은 쟁점들이 있다. 첫째, 미국의 민영교정산업의 성장은 교정기업의 입법, 사법, 행정부에 대한 지속적인 로비가 바탕이 되었다. 이는 형사사법제도의 상업화라는 비판의 원인이 되었다. 둘째, 미국의 교정시설의 민영화는 엄격한 구금형 위주의 형사정책의 도입과 정착에 영향을 끼쳐 미국은 세계에서 가장 높은 수용인구비를 보이는 문제점을 안게 되었다. 또한 법정형기제 및 절대적 형기제 등의 엄격한 구금형제가 지나치게 인권침해적이라는비판에 직면해 있다. 셋째, 미국 민영교정산업계는 수용자 노동력을 활용한 교정시설관리와 함께 저임금으로 수용자 노동력을 착취해 기업수익을 창출한다는 비판을 받고있다. 이는 수용자 노예화라는 비난과 수용자 폭동이라는 부작용을 낳고 있다. 넷째, 미국은 민영교정기업에게 특정물품의 생산과 공급의 독점권을 부여함으로써 시장자유경제를 지향하는 자본주의적 이념을 훼손하고 있다는 비난에 직면해 있다. 다섯째, 미국은 민영교정기업에게 보호관찰 대상자에 대한 벌금징수 권한을 부여하고, 보호관찰비용의 자부담정책으로 보호관찰 대상자의 사회복귀 지원이라는 본래의 보호관찰 취지를 훼손시키고 있다는 지적을 받고 있다. 여섯째, 미국은 민영교정기업에게 이민자구금센터의 수용인원 할당을 보장함으로써 미국의 이민통제정책이 민영교정산업계의황금알을 낳는 거위라는 비판에 처해 있다. 이와 같은 미국의 민영교정산업의 성장을 둘러싼 쟁점들은 현재 수용자교육의 민간에의 아웃소싱, 그리고 특정범죄자 등에 대한 법정구금형기제 도입 확대 등의 정책변화를 꾀하고 있는 한국의 경우에도 시사하는 바가 크다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the background, current situation, and related issues of the private sector corrections industry in the United States, and to find implications. The US private corrections industry is based on the justice system improvement act, which enables prisoners to supply their labor force to businesses. The growth of the correctional industry is based on the labor force of prisoners secured by the three strikeout laws based on zero tolerance, the mandatory sentencing and the truth-in-sentencing. The following issues are behind the growth of the US correctional industry. First, the growth of the private correctional industry in the United States was based on the continued lobbying of correctional companies for legislative, judicial and executive branches. This is criticizing the commercialization of the criminal justice system. Second, the privatization of the correctional industry in the United States has influenced the introduction and settlement of strict detention-oriented criminal policies, and the United States has the highest population in the world. In addition, it is criticized that detention system such as the mandatory sentencing and the truth-in-sentencing are too human rights violent. Third, the United States’s private correction industry is criticized for managing the correctional facilities utilizing prison labor and exploiting prison labor to generate corporate profits. This has the side effect of inmate rioting, with the notion of prisoner enslavement. Fourth, the United States is faced with accusations that it is undermining the capitalist ideology towards a free market economy by granting exclusive rights to the production and supply of certain goods to private correction companies. Fifth, the United States grants fine correction fees to privately-corrected companies to collect fines for those who are subject to probation, and pays the cost of probation on their own. This undermines the original purpose of probation, which is to support the social return of the probationers. Sixth, the United States guaranteed the allocation of the number of immigrant detention centers to private correctional companies. It is accused that the US immigration control policy is a goose that lays golden eggs in the private correction industry. The issues surrounding the growth of the American private correction industry are also significant in Korea, which is currently pursuing policy changes such as outsourcing inmates’ education to the private sector and expanding the introduction of an the mandatory sentencing system for certain criminals.
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