Contested Leadership in Comparative Perspective: Power Strategies in South Asia and South America
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Given the importance of the assertion or prevention of regional leadership for the future global order, this paper examines the strat-egies and resources being used to assert regional leadership as well as the reactions of other states within and outside the respective re-gions. Secondary powers play a key role in the regional acceptance of a leadership claim. In this article we identify the factors motivating secondary powers to accept or contest this claim. Two regional dyads, marked by different degrees of “contested leadership” are analyzed: Brazil vs. Venezuela and India vs. Pakistan. The research outcomes demonstrate that the strategies of regional powers and the reactions of secondary powers result from the distribution of ma-terial capabilities and their application, the regional powers’ ability to project ideational resources, the respective national interests of re-gional and secondary powers, and the regional impact of external powers.
Abstract
Given the importance of the assertion or prevention of regional leadership for the future global order, this paper examines the strat-egies and resources being used to assert regional leadership as well as the reactions of other states within and outside the respective re-gions. Secondary powers play a key role in the regional acceptance of a leadership claim. In this article we identify the factors motivating secondary powers to accept or contest this claim. Two regional dyads, marked by different degrees of “contested leadership” are analyzed: Brazil vs. Venezuela and India vs. Pakistan. The research outcomes demonstrate that the strategies of regional powers and the reactions of secondary powers result from the distribution of ma-terial capabilities and their application, the regional powers’ ability to project ideational resources, the respective national interests of re-gional and secondary powers, and the regional impact of external powers.
참고문헌 (65)
- Acharya, A., "The Emerging Regional Architecture of World Politics", World Politics, 59(4), pp.629~652 (2007)
- Arquilla, J., "The Intractable Problem of Regional Powers", Orbis, 40(4), pp.609~621 (1996)
- Baldwin, D. A., "Power and International Relations, in Walter Carlsnæs, Thomas Risse and Beth A. Simmons, Handbook of International Relations", pp.177~191 (2002), Sage
- Betz, J., "Economic, Technological and Cultural Assets for India’s Major Power Aspira-tions", paper presented at the GIGA Conference on Regional Powers in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Near and Middle East (2006), German Institute of Global and Area Studies
- Bodemer, K., "Petropolitics – Politischer Diskurs, Geopolitik und ökonomisches Kalkül in den Beziehungen zwischen der ‘Bolivarischen Republik Venezuela’ und den Verei-nigten Staaten", Lateinamerika Analysen, 16(1), pp.169~201 (2007)
- Boekh, A., "Venezuela: Vom ‘Quasi-Staat’ zur regionalen Führungsmacht und zurück", paper presented at the Conference “Führungsmächte in Lateinamerika” (2003)
- Burges, S., "Consensual Hegemony: Theorizing the Practice of Brazilian Foreign Policy", International Relations, 22, pp.65~84 (2008)
- Buzan,B, "The Asia-Pacific: What Sort of Region in What Sort of World?, in Asia-Pacific in the New World Order", pp.68~87 (1998), Routledge
- Buzan, B., "South Asia Moving Towards Transformation : Emergence of India as a Great Power", International Studies, 39(1), pp.1~24 (2002)
- Buzan, B., "Regions and Powers. The Structure of International Security" (2003), Cambridge University Press
- Cardozo de da Silva, E., "Venezuela: ¿Potencia media en el Caribe?, in Venezuela y las relaciones internacionales en la cuenca del Caribe", pp.179~194 (1987), Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, Caracas
- Emerging Patterns in Architecture for Management of Economic Assistance and Development Cooperation: Implications and Challenges for India, "Chaturvedi, S.", Research and Information System for Developing Countries, ~, pp.RIS Discussion Papers No. 139 (2008)
- Cohen, S. P., "India’s Hard Power. Conventional and Nuclear Build-up", the GIGA Conference on Regional Powers in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Near and Middle East (2006), German Institute of Global and Area Studies
- Cooper, A. F., "A Conceptual Overview, in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War", pp.1~26 (1997), Macmillan Press
- Cooper, A. F., "Bound to Follow? Leadership and Followership in the Gulf Conflict", Political Science Quarterly, 106(2), pp.391~410 (1991)
- Czempiel, E. O., "Kluge Macht - Außenpolitik für das 21" (1999), C.H. Beck
- Dash, C. K., "Regionalism in South Asia: Negotiating Cooperation, Institutional Structures" (2008), Routledge
- "What is Power"[URL]
- Flemes, D., "Brazil's Cooperative Leadership in Southern Latin America's Security Policies", 박사, pp.2006
- Emerging Middle Powers’ Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum, "Flemes, D.", German Institute of Global and Area Studies, ~, pp.Working Paper No. 57 (2007)
- Brasiliens neue Verteidigungspolitik:Vormachtsicherung durch Aufrüstung, "Flemes, D.", German Institute of Global and Area Studies, ~, pp.GIGA Focus Lateinamerika No. 12 (2008)
- Flemes, D., "Brazilian Foreign Policy in the Changing World Order", South African Journal of International Affairs, 16(2), pp.161~182 (2009)
- Flemes, D., "Regional Leadership in the Global System: Ideas, Interests and Strategies of Regional Powers" (2010), Ashgate
- Ganguly, S., "US-Indian Strategic Cooperation into the 21st Century: More than Words" (2006), Routledge
- Gries, P. H., "China Eyes the Hegemon", Orbis, 49(3), pp.401~412 (2005)
- India and its Neighbours: Do Economic Interests have the Potential to Build Peace, "Hogg, C. L.", Royal Institute of International Affairs, ~ (2007)
- Huntington, S., "The Lonely Superpower", Foreign Affairs, 78(2), pp.35~49 (1999)
- Hurrell, A., "On Global Order: Power, Values and the Constitution of International Society" (2007), Oxford University Press
- "Strategic Reactions to American Pre-eminence: Great Power Politics in the Age of Unipolarity" (2003)[URL]
- Jørgensen, B. D., "South Asia: an Anxious Journey towards Regionalization, in Regionalization in a Globalizing World: a Comparative Perspective on Forms, Actors and Processes", pp.125~146 (2001), Zed Books
- Kapur, A., "Major Powers and the Persistence of the India-Pakistan Conflict, in The India-Pakistan Conflict: an Enduring Rivalry", pp.131~155 (2005), Cambridge University Press
- Keohane, R., "The Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Eco-nomic Regimes 1967-1977, in Change in the International System", pp.132~162 (1980), Westview Press
- Kindleberger, C., "Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploita-tion, Public Goods, and Free Riders", International Studies Quarterly, 25, pp.242~254 (1981)
- Lake, D. A., "American Hegemony and the Future of East-West Relations", International Studies Perspectives, 7(1), pp.23~30 (2006)
- Lake, D. A., "Escape from the State-of-Nature: Authority and Hierarchy in World Politics", International Security, 32(1), pp.47~79 (2007)
- Lake, D. A., "The New Regionalism in Security Affairs, in Regional Orders ‒ Building Security in a New World", pp.3~19 (1997), Pennsylvania State University Press
- Lukes, S., "Power and the Battle for the Hearts and Minds", Millennium, 33(3), pp.477~493 (2005)
- Malik, M., "The China Factor in the India-Pakistan Conflict", Parameters, 33(3), pp.35~50 (2003)
- Mearsheimer, J. J., "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" (2001), W. W. Norton
- Mearsheimer, J. J., "Better to Be Godzilla than Bambi: Showing the United States the Door.It’s Not a Pretty Picture", Foreign Policy, pp.47~50 (2005)
- Mistra, A., "An Audit of the India-Pakistan Peace Process", Australian Journal of Interna-tional Affairs, 61(4), pp.506~528 (2007)
- Mitra, S. K., "The Reluctant Hegemon: India’s Self-Perception and the South Asian Strategic Environment", Contemporary South Asia, 12(3), pp.399~418 (2003)
- Mohan, C. R., "India’s Quest for Continuity in the Face of Change", The Washington Quarterly, 31(4), pp.143~153 (2008)
- Moravcsik, A., "Taking Preferences Seriously:a Liberal Theory of International Politics", International Organization, 51(4), pp.513~553 (1997)
- Morgan, P. M., "Regional Security Complexes and Regional Orders, in Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World", pp.20~42 (1997), Pennsylvania State University Press
- Morgenthau, H. J., "In Defence of the National Interest: a Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy" (1951), Alfred A. Knopf
- Nasr, V., "National Identities and the India-Pakistan Conflict, in The India-Pakistan Conflict: an Enduring Rivalry", pp.178~201 (2005), Cambridge University Press
- Nolte, D., "How to Compare Regional Powers: Analytical Concepts and Research Topics", the ECPR Joint Session of Workshops (2007)
- Machtressource Bioenergie: Eine neue strategische Partner-schaft zwischen Brasilien und den USA, "Nolte, D.", German Institute of Global and Area Studies, ~, pp.GIGA Focus Lateinamerika No. 3 (2007)
- The Symbolic Power of Nations, "Noya, J.", Real Instituto Elcano, ~, pp.Working Paper No. 35 (2005)
- Nye, J. S., "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics" (2004), Public Affairs
- Pape, R. A., "Soft Balancing against the United States", International Security, 30(1), pp.7~45 (2005)
- Paranjpe, S., "Limits of Hegemony in a Regional State System: Order in South Asia in the Post-Soviet Era, in Prakash Nanda, Rising India: Friends and Foes", pp.218~228 (2007), Lancer
- Indo-Pak Composite Dialogue: An Update, "Patil, S. S.", Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies, ~, pp.IPCS Special Report No. 53 (2008)
- Paul, T. V., "Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S.Primacy", International Security, 30(1), pp.46~71 (2005)
- Pedersen, T., "Cooperative Hegemony:Power,Ideas and Institutions in Regional Integration", Review of International Studies, 28(4), pp.677~696 (2002)
- Rothermund, D., "Die Europäische Union und Indien, in Die Europäische Union: Politisches System und Politikbereiche", pp.574~586 (2008), Bpb
- Samuel, C., "Indo-US Defence Cooperation and the Emerging Strategic Relationship", Strategic Analysis, 31(2), pp.209~236 (2007)
- DIE-Discussion Paper No. 16, "Schirm, S. A.", Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, ~, pp.DIE-Discussion Paper No. 16 (2007)
- Schweller, R. L., "Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back in", International Security, 19(1), pp.72~107 (1994)
- Strange, S., "The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony", International Organization, 41(4), pp.551~574 (1987)
- Treverton, G., "Measuring National Power, Santa Monica" (2005), RAND Corporation
- Waltz, K. N., "Theory of International Politics, Reading" (1979), Addison-Wesley
- Wendt, Alexander, "Anarchy is What States Make of it:the Social Construction of Pow-er Politics", International Organization, 46(2), pp.391~425 (1992)
- Yuan, J. D., "The Dragon and the Elephant:Chinese-Indian Relations in the 21st Century", The Washington Quarterly, 30(3), pp.131~144 (2007)
