인지 및 경험적 탐색의 교환 관계가 복잡한 환경에서의 기업 성과에 미치는 영향
Cognitive-Experiential Search Trade-off for Organizations in Complex Environments
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초록
조직은 인지적 자원을 활용하여 인지적 표상(cognitive representation)을 형성하고 이를 기반으로 조직의 내부 및 환경적 요인들을 분석하여 전략적 결정을 내린다. 따라서 조직이 당면한 복잡한 환경 속에서 조직의 인지적 특성이 미치는 영향을 이해하는 것은 조직의 전략적 의사결정의 결과를 이해하고 예측하는 측면에서 중요하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 인지적 표상을 결정짓는 인지적 탐색(cognitive search)은 경험적 탐색(experiential search)에 비해 상대적으로 많은 관심을 받지 못했다. 따라서 본 연구는 조직 탐색 및 학습(organizational search and learning)과 인지 과학(cognitive science) 이론을 기반으로 하여, 인지적 탐색과 경험적 탐색이 환경 복잡성 및 인지적 역량과 어떻게 상호작용하는지 분석하고자 한다. 좀 더 구체적으로, 두 탐색 방법 간에 교환 관계(trade-off) 혹은 상호 보완적 관계가 존재하는가를 NK 모델을 기반으로 한 성과 지형에서 살펴보고자 한다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 두 가지 탐색 방식을 동시에 사용하는 경우, 성과에 대한 교환 관계가 발생할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 특히, 환경의 복잡성과 인지적 역량의 높고 낮음에 따라 교환 관계의 양상이 달라짐을 확인하였다. 이는 조직이 성과를 개선하기 위해서는 하나의 탐색 방식에만 초점을 두는 것이 아니라 두 가지 탐색 방식을 균형 있게 유지하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 시사한다. 본 연구는 조직 탐색 및 학습이론을 기반으로 인지적인 관점을 도입함으로써 기존 문헌의 연구 결과들을 확장하며, 더 나아가, 인지적 탐색이 이론 및 실무적으로 갖는 의미를 설명한다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.
Abstract
Organizations utilize cognitive resources to form cognitive representations that support strategic decision-making. It is thus essential to understand the impact of an organization's cognitive characteristics on adaptive learning in complex environments to predict outcomes that stem from strategic choices, such as organizational performance. While organizational cognition plays a pivotal role in strategic decision-making, cognitive search and its consequences have garnered relatively less attention compared to experiential search. In this study, drawing from organizational learning and cognitive science literature, we explore the trade-off between cognitive and experiential search. We analyze how these two search modes interact with environmental complexity and cognitive capacity. Our findings reveal that using both search modes simultaneously can lead to a performance trade-off. Cognitive search allows organizations to pinpoint advantageous areas by improving the quality of the mental map, especially when environmental complexity increases uncertainty and the organization's cognitive capacities are constrained. Conversely, experiential search tends to enhance actual performance when environmental complexity is low and cognitive capacity is high. This suggests that a balanced approach, incorporating both modes of search rather than relying solely on one, is crucial for organizations aiming to boost their performance.
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