공적 이성과 법적 논증
Public Reason and Legal Argumentation
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초록
롤즈가 공적 이성론을 제창한 이후 공적 이성에 관한 연구들과 논쟁들이 진행되어 왔다. 롤즈의 공적 이성론은 법을 직접적 대상으로 하지 않지만, 시민의 기본적 지위와 관련된 공권력의 강제 작용이 정당하기 위한 규범적 조건을 제시한다는 점에서 법과 긴밀한 관련성이 있다. 또한 롤즈는 공적 이성을 행사하는 공적 제도들을 중요하게 보고 사법부를 공적 이성의 표본이라고 강조했다. 이 글은 공적 이성의 이상을 법적 논증에 적용하여 공적 이성의 하위 범주로서 ‘법적인 공적 이성’ 이론의 가능성을 탐색하고자 한다. 공적 이성은 헌법의 제·개정과 헌법재판소의 헌법논증, 보통의 법률 제정과 법원의 법적 논증에서도 중요한 역할을 하므로, 법의 제정·해석·적용 논증은 자유롭고 평등한 시민들이 모두 타당하다고 수긍할 수 있을 이상들과 가치들에 의거하여 정당화될 수 있어야 한다는 것이 이 글의 주장이다.
Abstract
Public reason plays a central role in Rawls’s political philosophy and theory of justice as the test for legitimate political argument and decisions in matters of constitutional essentials and basic justice. The idea of public reason as a criterion of political and legal legitimacy is often formulated as the requirement that state actions must be publicly justifiable with reasons and reasoning that are accessible and acceptable to all subjects of the state actions. Starting from the ideal of public justification, this article aims to identify and specify features and contents of public reason, to explicate its significances for law and legal argumentation, and to develop a theory of constitutional/ legal argumentation as a special kind of public reason, i.e., a conception of legal public reason. However, there are several conceptions of legal public reason, and this phenomenon is a serious problem for legal theorists who would like to elaborate a theory of legal public reason. I hope that this article can contribute to reach a consensus between different conceptions of legal public reason.
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