민주평화론의 패러독스: 칸트 평화사상의 왜곡과 오용
Paradox of the Democratic Peace Theory: Kantian Peace Distorted and Abused
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민주평화론은 대표적인 자유주의 국제관계이론일 뿐 아니라 미국패권의전략적 지침이다. 민주평화론의 이론적 창안자는 도일이고, 도일은 칸트의영구평화론을 민주평화론의 이론적 기반으로 삼고 있다. 이 글은 민주평화론의 이론적, 칸트적 토대와 실천적 함의를 비판적으로 검토한다. 구체적으로 이 글은 다음의 세 가지 문제를 다룬다. 첫째, 칸트의 공화정은 서구의 민주주의로 치환될 수 있는가? 둘째, 칸트의 평화연방은 공화정만의 배타적 연방인가? 셋째, 칸트는 민주주의와 비민주주의 사이의 도덕적 대립구도를 정당화하였는가? 이 글의 주장은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 칸트의 공화정은 현재의 서구 민주주의로 치환될 수 없다. 둘째, 칸트는 평화연방의 구성원을 공화정으로 제한하지 않았다. 셋째, 민주평화론의 도덕적 차별과대립구도는 영구평화를 인간에서 부여된 선험적인 도덕적 명령으로 보는칸트의 사상체계에서 정당화될 수 없다.
Abstract
The democratic peace theory is both a major liberal international relations theory and a strategic and rhetorical guide of American hegemony. By a careful examination of Doyle’s democratic peace theory and Kant’s perpetual peace, this article tries to critically unravel the theoretical foundations and practical, ethical implications of the democratic peace theory. This article finds ungrounded Doyle’s claim that Kant provides the best guidance for the separate peace among democracies. Kant’s repubican constitution is an idea derived from his transcendental concept of public rights; unlike Doyle, Kant does not view the Republican constitution embodied in Western democracies or any other existing polities. Neither does Kant confine the membership of peace federation to democracies. Moreover, Kant’s moral imperative to pursue perpetual peace contradicts the bifurcated moral indulgence of the separate peace.
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