憲宗代 오사카(大坂)역지통신 교섭과 조선의 대응책

Abstract

The communication envoys of the 19th century came to promote the Tsushima Island reverse communications again since the 50s after the Tsushima Island reverse communications of 1811 and the plan and frustration of the Osaka reverse communications of the 40s and 50s. It is a big characteristic that it was only once that the communication envoys went to Japan actually and the rest were with only plans. In fact since the late 18th century the communication envoys faced the big issue, the fiscal pressure. The too splendid communication envoys functioned as a big economical burden to both Choson and Japan. The perception that the communication envoys were of the good-neighborly friendship(善隣友好) clearly existed, but the fiscal problem demanded the change of the communication envoys. It was Japan that suggested a reform first and Japan suggested the reduction of the scale to Choson steadily since the late 18th century. Finally the communication envoys of the 19th century were changed into the reverse communications, and Choson used the the delay policy(‘遷延策’) that settles the time of dispatching the communication envoys. Of course the concept the delay policy(‘遷延策’) is still strange, but it is needed to evaluate it as a consistent policy because it was not that in the 19th century the communications repeated delays simply and ended as the shogunate became extinct. Although the communication envoys showed a slow progress, when you see that the communication envoys subdivision negotiation, which is just prior to the communication envoys, was conducted, it is clear that both countries tried to maintain or preserve the communication envoys diplomacy. It was possible to check that Choson also tried to secure the ginseng for delegations(信蔘) although the fiscal state was bad. Only what is missing is that the loss as the result of the delay for 10 years was also too big. Since 1850s Japan and Choson suffered from internal and external troubles(內憂外患) and it was difficult for Choson to dispatch the communication envoys and also for Japan to treat them.