에이사이(榮西)가 일본 사원차 형성에 미친 영향

Abstract

Eisai(榮西, 1141∼1215) is a Buddhist monk from Linji school who first transferred Seonjong(禪宗) and tea manufacturing in Southern Song(南宋) dynasty as well as whisking tea method(點茶法) into Kamakura Period(鎌倉時代, 1185∼1333). His introduced tea and seon(禪) served as a starting point that opened the inception of Japanese Tea ceremony(茶道) and temple tea culture. The purpose of this paper is to examine how whisking tea method of Southern Song left from historical records and temple tea culture served as creating Japanese temple tea and its progressing pattern. Study results are as follows. First, Steamed green tea of Southern Song presented in Jodayang of Kkikdayansaenggi(喫茶養生記) succeeded into dencha of Japan, and whisking tea method was developed later into the representative Japanese drinking method that uses powdered green tea and tea stirring instrument. This was settled into as a universal drinking method accepted by warrior family, official family, and ordinary people. Secondly, Eisai offered incense and tea to Arhats at the rock bridge of Mountain Cheontae, which are recorded in Heungseonhogukron(興禪護國論) and Wonhyeongseokseo(元亨釋書). This mountain has been a significant tea offering place not only for Southern Song monk but Japanese monks as Jojin, and Eisai who studied in the Song country after Enchin from Tiantai Buddhist. Lucky shapes such as Buddhist discipliners and lotus flower presented on the teacup used for offering tea to Buddhist discipliners were reported to be inherited from the mixture tea shape-producing(分茶) culture enjoyed by intelligent noblemen and monks with Buddhist images. Third, Seon of Eisai is characterized by studying integrated Buddhism rather than instruction for Seon. However, it had positive effects on spreading tea culture of Seon Buddhism regardless of religious sects. In reality, tea seeds was given to Myoe from Huayan school by Eisai was the source of producing the medieval best quality tea called Dogano tea. and later temple tea culture not only in Seon Buddhism, but in various religious sects in the Japanese medieval time based on historical records of KumtakMoongo(金澤文庫古文書) suggesting that priest at Chingmyeong Temple possessed a majority of whisking tea utensils. Fourth, tea ritual ‘Yotsugashira(四頭茶禮)’ at Kenninji Temple, which is an intangible folk cultural heritage held at the birthday of Eisai at Kyoto, use whisk tea utensils of Southern Song such as red lacquered tea bowl stand(朱漆茶托) and black glazed tea bowl(黑釉茶碗) noted as Cheonmokdae and Cheonmokdawan. This method was influenced by rule of Soen temple(淸規) regulated by Southern Song temple. Parts of tea ceremony are visually described in Five Hundred Arhats(五百羅漢圖) produced at Southern Song. and abridged tea ceremony mode can be found in Kkikdawangrae(喫茶往來) and Taepeyonggi(太平記) in the era of North and South Dynasties in Japan. Specific manners can be identified in Jojo document (条々聞書) written in the era of Muromachi Period and Sadujaeyeon(四頭斎筵) in the era of Edo Period. Monthly plan of Dosan Kenninji Tea Master(東山建仁禪寺月分須知)Published by Goho Doshun(高峰東晙,1736-1801) from Ryosokuin(兩足院) of Kenninji, tea culture records almost similar with Yotsugashira tea ritual at Kenninji can be identified. In consequence, this tea ritual of Kenninji established by Eisai was settled after the modern era. Its source was found to be succeeded into Japanese sitting type through a transition after the era of Muromachi in which tea culture is implemented on Japanese floor mat unlike a Southern Song style tea ceremony using chair.