Discrepancy in the Effect of L1 Negative Transfer on L2 Learning: Evidence from Korean Speakers’ Production of Two Adjacent Obstruents in English
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Tensification and coda neutralization are the phonological phenomena that exist in Korean but do not in English. Concerning these L1 phonological rules applied in Korean but not in English, this study attempts to examine the effect of the negative transfer of these L1 phonological rules on Korean speakers’ learning of English as an L2. For this purpose, the speech production task is conducted with a total of 336 tokens, which are produced by five native speakers of English as a control group and 14 Korean speakers as an experimental group. The token for the test is specifically selected from /b/, /d/, /g/, and /s/ in contact with various preceding consonants to see whether Korean tensification and coda neutralization applied in certain context. The major findings from the study are drawn as follows. First, Korean speakers pronounced the English stop sequence with a longer closure duration of the second stop compared with what English speakers did. We claim that this is affected by a Korean phonetic feature, the so-called “timing X-slot insertion”. Nevertheless, we cannot maintain that English target sounds undergo tensification because little difference is found in the other phonetic properties, such as VOT, pitch, and Intensity between English and Korean speakers’ pronunciation of them. Second, as for the fricative sequence of /s#s/, Korean speakers do not employ their L1 rule of coda neutralization for illegal contact of /s#s/. Instead, they can perfectly produce a geminate sound as English speakers do. This discrepancy in the effect of L1 negative transfer on L2 learning can be explained by the learners’ perspective. Recognizing the presence of the empty X-slot is a difficult task for Korean learners because it is phonetically realized as a pause. However, the difference between [t.s’] and [s.s] is not so difficult for them to perceive because it provides them with a prominent perceptual cue.
Abstract
Tensification and coda neutralization are the phonological phenomena that exist in Korean but do not in English. Concerning these L1 phonological rules applied in Korean but not in English, this study attempts to examine the effect of the negative transfer of these L1 phonological rules on Korean speakers’ learning of English as an L2. For this purpose, the speech production task is conducted with a total of 336 tokens, which are produced by five native speakers of English as a control group and 14 Korean speakers as an experimental group. The token for the test is specifically selected from /b/, /d/, /g/, and /s/ in contact with various preceding consonants to see whether Korean tensification and coda neutralization applied in certain context. The major findings from the study are drawn as follows. First, Korean speakers pronounced the English stop sequence with a longer closure duration of the second stop compared with what English speakers did. We claim that this is affected by a Korean phonetic feature, the so-called “timing X-slot insertion”. Nevertheless, we cannot maintain that English target sounds undergo tensification because little difference is found in the other phonetic properties, such as VOT, pitch, and Intensity between English and Korean speakers’ pronunciation of them. Second, as for the fricative sequence of /s#s/, Korean speakers do not employ their L1 rule of coda neutralization for illegal contact of /s#s/. Instead, they can perfectly produce a geminate sound as English speakers do. This discrepancy in the effect of L1 negative transfer on L2 learning can be explained by the learners’ perspective. Recognizing the presence of the empty X-slot is a difficult task for Korean learners because it is phonetically realized as a pause. However, the difference between [t.s’] and [s.s] is not so difficult for them to perceive because it provides them with a prominent perceptual cue.
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