고전 공리주의에서 ‘질적 쾌락주의’의 수용문제
The Issue of Acceptance of “Qualitative Hedonism” in Classical Utilitarianism
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고전 공리주의의 전개과정에서 밀(John S. Mill)의 이른바 ‘질적 쾌락주의(qualitative hedonism)’는 실로 오랫동안 뜨거운 논쟁의 대상이었다. 논쟁의 역사가 긴 만큼 찬반 양측의 논리는 결코 상대방에게 밀리지 않는 것처럼 보인다. 그것의 흐름은 크게 두 가지로 압축될 수 있다고 본다. 먼저 밀을 반대하는 측에서는 그의 질적 쾌락주의가 일관성의 문제를 야기할 수 있는 것으로 본다. 그들은 밀이 쾌락을 평가할 때 ‘양’이 아닌 ‘질’을 평가기준으로 삼은 것은 벤담(Jeremy Bentham)의 순수 쾌락주의를 심각하게 훼손하는 결과를 낳았다고 주장한다. 이에 반해 밀을 옹호하는 측에서는 그의 질적 쾌락주의가 벤담의 쾌락주의(hedonism)와 아리스토텔레스의 행복주의(eudaimonism)를 통합한 결과로 볼 것을 제안한다. 이들에 따르면 밀이 다소 혼란스럽게 보이는 것은 예컨대, 벤담의 형식과 아리스토텔레스의 내용이 뒤섞여 있는 가운데 각각의 측면이 비대칭적으로 나타나는 경우가 많기 때문이다. 그런 만큼 우리는 밀의 입장을 좀 더 포괄적으로 이해하기 위한 새로운 관점의 정립이 필요할 것이라고 본다. 이처럼 밀의 질적 쾌락주의는 조금만 세심하게 살펴보면 그동안 제기된 많은 오해들을 불식시키고도 남을 여러 가지 사색의 단초들을 함축하고 있다. 이 논문은 밀의 질적 쾌락주의가 안고 있는 이론적 한계를 지적함과 동시에 그것의 실천적 의미를 강조하고 싶은 하나의 시론임을 미리 밝혀 두고자 한다.
Abstract
The so-called “qualitative hedonism” of John S. Mill, as proposed in the process of deployment of the classical utilitarianism, was indeed a topic of heated debates among the scholars of ethics for a long time. The logic of both sides: the pros and cons, as the history is long, does not cede to one another. It can be asserted that the flow of the debates can be compressed broadly into two types. The side that opposes Mill appears to assert that an issue of consistency can be brought about by his qualitative hedonism. They argue that the fact that Mill used “quality” and not “quantity” as an evaluation criterion for pleasure has caused a result of seriously undermining the pure hedonism of Jeremy Bentham. In contrast, the side that defends Mill interprets that his hedonism is the result of integrating Bentham’s hedonism and Aristotle’s eudaimonism. The reason why Mill’s hedonism appears somewhat chaotic is -- depending on the written works -- that these two elements appear as being asymmetrical. As such is the case, we should not give up our efforts of trying to understand Mill properly. If one examines meticulously his writings, various clues for contemplations, which can more than dispel those misconceptions proposed so far, can be discovered. The author of this paper wishes to clarify in advance that this paper is merely an essay that attempts to overcome the theoretical limits embodied in Mill’s qualitative hedonism and to highlight their practical meaning.
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