비호-개발 연계(Asylum-Development Nexus)의 기원과 포괄적 파트너십: UNRRA로부터 난민 글로벌 컴팩트까지
The Asylum-Development Nexus and its Implication of the Comprehensive Partnership: From UNRRA to the Global Compact on Refugees
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21세기 들어 발생한 시리아와 로힝야 난민위기는 국제난민레짐의 취약성과 한계를 극적으로 드러냈다. 시리아 난민위기는 국제난민레짐의 발상지인 유럽 주요 국가들조차도 국익 앞에 난민보호의 책임분담을 외면하는 민낯을 드러냈으며, 로힝야 난민위기는국제난민레짐의 공백지인 아시아의 절망적 현실을 극적으로 보여주었다. 그러나 국제난민레짐은 이러한 도전에 신속하게 대응하여 난민 글로벌 컴팩트(Global Compact on Refugees) 체제로 진화하며 비호-개발 연계를 통해 난민보호의 새로운 패러다임을제시하고 있다. 그렇다면 최근 나타나고 있는 난민보호와 개발 사이의 결합, 즉 비호- 개발 연계(asylum-development nexus)는 어떤 역사적⋅국제정치적 맥락 속에서 어떻게 나타나고 진화해 왔을까? 특히 최근 주목받고 있는 난민 글로벌 컴팩트는 이론및 실천적으로 어떤 의미와 한계를 가지고 있는 것일까? 이 연구는 난민보호의 새로운패러다임으로 주목받고 있는 비호-개발 연계를 국제사회의 난민보호의 변화 과정에 대한 비교를 통해 설명하고자 한다. 즉, 제2차 세계대전 종전을 전후해 탄생한 유엔구호재건기구(UNRRA)와 탈냉전기 이후 나타난 비호-개발 연계의 사례들을 통해 21세기 난민 글로벌 컴팩트 체제의 의미와 특징을 살펴볼 것이다. 이 연구는 난민 글로벌 컴팩트체제가 다양한 행위자들의 참여와 난민보호의 총체성에 입각한 접근을 중심으로 형성된 포괄적 파트너십이라는 측면에서 기존의 시도들과 차별화되고 있음을 강조한다.
Abstract
The global refugee crisis in the twenty-first century dramatically exposed the vulnerabilities of the current international refugee regime. European states, where the current international refugee protection originated, ignored the global burden-sharing to protect their national interests, while refugees in Asia experienced the complete absence of the international refugee protection in the region. However, the international refugee regime finally adopted its alternative refugee protection framework, the Global Compact on Refugees, based on the asylum-development nexus. Then, in what historical and political contexts explain the latest evolution of the asylum-development nexus? In particular, what are the meanings and limitations of the Global Compact on Refugees in comparison with previous attempts since the end of the Second World War? This study explains the nature of the current asylum-development nexus in comparison with the United Nations Relief and Reconstruction Agency (UNRRA) in the end of World War II and the regional programs for the asylum-development nexus in the post-Cold War era. This research argues that the Global Compact on Refugees has unique characteristics in its comprehensive partnership, including the variety of participation from non-state sector and the holistic approaches of refugee protection.
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