선거 보안(Election Security)의 위협과 대응 방안: 미국의 제도 분석을 중심으로
Election Security Threats and Countermeasures: Focusing on American Institutional Analysis
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초록
선거 보안은 민주주의 기초인 선거제도에 대한 신뢰성을 확보하기 위해 안전한 선거를 시행할 수 있는 인프라를 구축하는 것이다. 선거 보안은 사이버 공간에서 진화하는 보안 위협에 맞서 물리적 및 사이버 인프라를 구축하고 투명하고 민첩하게 대처하는 방식을 기조로 한다. 2016년 미국 대통령 선거에서 러시아 정부는 미국의 소셜 네트워크 서비스 플랫폼을 활용해 가짜뉴스를 공표해 선거의 청렴성을 훼손시켰다. 미국은 외국 정부가 선거에 개입해 시민의 의사결정에 영향을 주는 것을 민주주의 국가의 큰 위험으로 판단하고 있다. 선거 보안의 위협은 사이버 공간에서의 공격과 SNS에서의 공작 활동이 조합되어 그 파급력이 심각해졌다. 선거 보안을 확립하기 위해선 정부, 국회, 정당·정치단체, 미디어와 플랫폼, 유권자인 국민에 의한 준비와 대책을 추진해 나갈 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 첫째, 선거 인프라에 대한 위험평가 및 대책을 세워야 한다. 둘째, 외국의 선거 개입에 대한 국제규범의 형성이 필요하다. 셋째, 사이버 선거 보안을 확립해야 한다.
Abstract
Election security is to build an infrastructure that can conduct safe elections in order to ensure the reliability of the electoral system, which is the foundation of democracy. Election security is based on how to address evolving security threats in cyberspace, build physical and cyber infrastructure, and respond transparently and agilely. During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the Russian government used the U.S. social network service platform to publish fake news and damage the integrity of the election. The United States sees foreign governments interfering in elections and influencing citizens’ decision-making as a major danger to democracies. Threats to election security have combined attacks in cyberspace and manipulation activities in SNS, and the ripple effect has become serious. In order to establish election security, it is necessary to promote preparations and countermeasures by the government, parliament, political parties and organizations, media and platforms, and the people who are the electorate. To that end, we must first assess the risks of electoral infrastructure and formulate countermeasures. Second, it is necessary to form international norms against foreign election interference. Third, cyber election security must be established.
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