본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Spatial Learning and Memory Using a Radial Arm Maze with a Head-Mounted Display

1

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류정신과학

초록

Objective A radial arm maze (RAM) is an essential tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Although this tool is widely used to study deficits in spatial memory in animal models, it has several restrictions that prevent its adaptation to human research and training. Therefore, we developed a head-mounted-display RAM (HMD-RAM) program for humans and verified its validity by comparing it to the results obtained by previous RAM studies. We also compared the HMD and a flat monitor as experimental devices. Methods Forty participants were recruited for the current study (Study 1: 20 participants with the HMD device; Study 2: 20 participants with the flat monitor). They navigated a virtual room as a first-person viewer and used environmental landmarks to remember their spatial position and orientation. The main dependent measures were working memory error, reference memory error, detection time, travel distance, and participant’s head movements. To validate the program, participants also conducted neuropsychological assessments and self-reported measures. Results The results for HMD-RAM tasks were consistent with the results of previous research conducted on animals, and the HMD elicited a higher sense of presence, immersion, and simulator sickness than the flat monitor. According to post-experiment questions on navigation strategy, creating landmarks was important when people were discovering locations in their environment, and an HMD was beneficial for better navigation strategy. Conclusion These results suggest that the HMD-RAM is valuable for estimating spatial learning and memory in humans and may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of deficits in spatial learning and memory, including amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.

Abstract

Objective A radial arm maze (RAM) is an essential tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Although this tool is widely used to study deficits in spatial memory in animal models, it has several restrictions that prevent its adaptation to human research and training. Therefore, we developed a head-mounted-display RAM (HMD-RAM) program for humans and verified its validity by comparing it to the results obtained by previous RAM studies. We also compared the HMD and a flat monitor as experimental devices. Methods Forty participants were recruited for the current study (Study 1: 20 participants with the HMD device; Study 2: 20 participants with the flat monitor). They navigated a virtual room as a first-person viewer and used environmental landmarks to remember their spatial position and orientation. The main dependent measures were working memory error, reference memory error, detection time, travel distance, and participant’s head movements. To validate the program, participants also conducted neuropsychological assessments and self-reported measures. Results The results for HMD-RAM tasks were consistent with the results of previous research conducted on animals, and the HMD elicited a higher sense of presence, immersion, and simulator sickness than the flat monitor. According to post-experiment questions on navigation strategy, creating landmarks was important when people were discovering locations in their environment, and an HMD was beneficial for better navigation strategy. Conclusion These results suggest that the HMD-RAM is valuable for estimating spatial learning and memory in humans and may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of deficits in spatial learning and memory, including amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.

참고문헌 (44)

  1. Olton DS, "Remembrance of places passed: spatial memory in rats", J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 2, pp.97~116 (1976)[DOI]
  2. Burgess N, "The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory", Neuron, 35, pp.625~641 (2002)[DOI]
  3. Jonides J, "Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET", Nature, 363, pp.623~625 (1993)[DOI]
  4. Hodges H, "Maze procedures: the radial-arm and water maze compared", Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 3, pp.167~181 (1996)[DOI]
  5. Astur RS, "Humans with hippocampus damage display severe spatial memory impairments in a virtual Morris water task", Behav Brain Res, 132, pp.77~84 (2012)
  6. Pearce JM, "Hippocampal lesions disrupt navigation based on cognitive maps but not heading vectors", Nature, 396, pp.75~77 (1998)[DOI]
  7. Pai MC, "Topographical disorientation in community-residing patients with Alzheimer's disease", Int J Geriatr Psychiatr, 19, pp.250~255 (2004)[DOI]
  8. Mendez MF, "Visuospatial deficits with preserved reading ability in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy", Cortex, 37, pp.535~543 (2001)[DOI]
  9. Hort J, "Spatial navigation deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, pp.4042~4047 (2007)[DOI]
  10. Astur RS, "fMRI hippocampal activity during a virtualradial arm maze", Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 30, pp.307~317 (2005)[DOI]
  11. Floresco SB, "Selective roles for hippocampal, prefrontal cortical, and ventral striatal circuits in radial-arm maze tasks with or without a delay", J Neurosci, 17, pp.1880~1890 (1997)[DOI]
  12. Madl T, "Computational cognitive models of spatial memory in navigation space: a review", Neural Netw, 65, pp.18~43 (2015)[DOI]
  13. Spieker EA, "Spatial memory deficits in a virtual reality eight-arm radial maze in schizophrenia", Schizophr Res, 135, pp.84~89 (2012)[DOI]
  14. Mizuno M, "Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in spatial memory formation and maintenance in a radial arm maze test in rats", J Neurosci, 20, pp.7116~7121 (2000)[DOI]
  15. Rey A, "L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique. (Les problems.)", Arch Pediatr, 28, pp.215~285 (1941)
  16. Sheslow D, "Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning--Revised (WRAML-2), Administration and Technical Manual" (2003), Wide Range. Inc
  17. Osterrieth PA, "Le test de copie d'une figure complexe", Arch Psychol, 30, pp.206~356 (1944)
  18. Moffat SD, "Navigation in a "virtual" maze: sex differences and correlation with psychometric measures of spatial ability in humans", Evol Hum Behav, 19, pp.73~87 (1998)[DOI]
  19. Xu D, "A virtual radial arm maze for the study of multiple memory systems in a functional magnetic resonance imaging environment", Int J Virtual Real, 11, pp.63~76 (2012)
  20. Lee JY, "Spatial memory impairments in amnestic mild cognitive impairment in a virtual radial arm maze", Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 10, pp.653~660 (2014)
  21. Levy LJ, "Men and women differ in object memory but not performance of a virtual radial maze", Behav Neurosci, 119, pp.853~862 (2005)[DOI]
  22. Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, "Spatial memory deficits in a virtual radial arm maze in amnesic participants with hippocampal damage", Behav Neurosci, 124, pp.405~413 (2010)[DOI]
  23. Astur RS, "Sex differences and correlations in a virtual Morris water task, a virtual radial arm maze, and mental rotation", Behav Brain Res, 151, pp.103~115 (2004)[DOI]
  24. Majoros AE, "Maintainability;Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics", pp.1587~1590 (1997), John Wiley & Sons, Inc
  25. Leon I, "Developmental gender differences in children in a virtual spatial memory task", Neuropsychology, 28, pp.485~495 (2014)[DOI]
  26. Kim K, "Joint attention, social-cognition, and recognition memory in adults", Front Hum Neurosci, 6, pp.1~11 (2012)
  27. Canovas R, "Virtual reality tasks disclose spatial memory alterations in fibromyalgia", Rheumatology, 48, pp.1273~1278 (2009)[DOI]
  28. Jang W, "Human field of regard, field of view, and attention bias", Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 135, pp.115~123 (2016)[DOI]
  29. Chai XJ, "Effects of cue types on sex differences in human spatial memory", Behav Brain Res, 208, pp.336~342 (2010)[DOI]
  30. Kim K, "Effects of virtual environment platforms on emotional responses", Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 113, pp.882~893 (2014)[DOI]
  31. Slater M, "Immersion, presence, and performance in virtual environments: An experiment with tri-dimensional chess. In ACM virtual reality software and technology (VRST)", pp.163~172 (1996), ACM Press
  32. Ruddle RA, "Navigating large-scale virtual environments: what differences occur between helmet-mounted and desktop displays?", Presence, 8, pp.157~168 (1999)[DOI]
  33. Kim K, "Development of a computer-based behavioral assessment of checking behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder", Compr Psychiatry, 51, pp.86~93 (2010)[DOI]
  34. Kang Y, "Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery" (2003), Human Brain Research & Consulting co
  35. Witmer BG, "The factor structure of the presence questionnaire", Presence, 14, pp.298~312 (2005)[DOI]
  36. Kennedy RS, "Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness", Int J Aviat Psychol, 3, pp.203~220 (1993)[DOI]
  37. Jennett C, "Measuring and defining the experience of immersion in games", Int J Hum Comput Stud, 66, pp.641~661 (2008)[DOI]
  38. Jackson SA, "Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The Flow State Scale", J Sport Exerc Psychol, 18, pp.17~35 (1996)[DOI]
  39. Goodale MA, "The role of image size and retinal motion in the computation of absolute distance by the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)", Vision Res, 30, pp.399~413 (1990)[DOI]
  40. Etienne AS, "Short-distance homing in a small mammal: the role of exteroceptive cues and path integration", Cell Mol Life Sci, 41, pp.122~125 (1985)[DOI]
  41. Brown MF, "Remembrance of places you passed: social spatial working memory in rats", J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 33, pp.213~224 (2007)[DOI]
  42. Timberlake W, "Niche-related learning in laboratory paradigms: the case of maze behavior in Norway rats", Behav Brain Res, 134, pp.355~374 (2002)[DOI]
  43. Fujii DE, "The salience of visuospatial and organizational skills in reproducing the Rey-Osterreith complex figure in subjects with high and low IQs", Clin Neuropsychol, 14, pp.551~554 (2000)[DOI]
  44. Chen W, "6DoF navigation in virtual worlds: comparison of joystick-based and head-controlled paradigms", Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, pp.111~114 (2013), ACM

관련 논문AI추천

Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training in the Elderly with and without Mild Cognitive ImpairmentBae Jae Nam, Cho Seo-Eun, Cho Seong-Jin, Hong Jin Pyo, Kang Jae Myeong, Kim Hyeyoung, Kim Won-Hyoung, Maeng Seri, Na Kyoung-Sae, Oh Seok-Hee, Park Jung Woon대한신경정신의학회 · PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION2021 · 제18권 제7호Visuospatial Functioning and Navigation Learning by Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment in a Virtual City박수미, 이장한, Sandra E. Black, Simon J. Graham한국건강심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 건강2008 · 제13권 제1호The Effectiveness of VR-Based Cognitive Training Program for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot StudyHong Donggi, Lee Eek-Sung, Lee Seung-Keun, Lee Tae-Kyeong, Na Seunghee대한치매학회 · Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders(대한치매학회지)2025 · 제24권 제3호경도인지장애 선별 평가를 위한 가상현실 인지기능평가의 개발: 예비 연구이은, 강민재, 김우정, 노현웅, 석정호, 손상준, 장수아, 채헌주, 최선우대한신경정신의학회 · 신경정신의학2022 · 제61권 제3호Verification of the Reliability and Validity of a Virtual Reality Cognitive Evaluation System Based on Motion Recognition Analysis Evaluation최종덕, Jeonghan Kwon, Subeen Kim한국전문물리치료학회 · 한국전문물리치료학회지2023 · 제30권 제4호Object Location Memory and Sex Difference: Implications on Static vs. Dynamic Navigation EnvironmentsArif Altun, Cigdem Uz인지과학연구소 · Journal of Cognitive Science2014 · 제15권 제1호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (12건)