기프트카드와 현금 지불에 따른 쾌락재 및 실용재에 대한 구매의도차이 분석: 긍정적·부정적 구매 감정의 매개효과를 중심으로
The Role of Gift Card and Cash in Hedonic vs. Utilitarian Product Purchases: Mediation Effect of Positive and Negative Purchase Emotion
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기프트카드는 편리한 선물 대안이자 유용한 지불수단이다. 이런 편의성 때문에 스타벅스 같은 커피 매장부터 구글 플레이 같은 온라인 몰, 그리고 각종 백화점 및 은행 등에서 기프트카드를 적극 출시하고 있다. 그런데 과연 이러한 기프트카드 이용은 단순히 지불수단의 확대와 구매방식의 편리성 향상 같은 의미만을 가지고 있을까? 심적회계이론(mental accounting theory)에 따르면, 소비자는 자기만의 심적 회계장부를 가지고 있어, 동일한 경제적 가치를 가진 재화일지라도 이를 서로 다른 심적회계로 분류하여 구매 결정하는 경향이 있다. 현금과 기프트카드를 똑같이 선물로 받았더라도 소비자들의 심적회계에서는 분리된 계정으로 인식될 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 심적회계이론을 바탕으로, 기프트카드와 현금으로 구매할 경우, 제품 유형 별(쾌락재 vs. 실용재) 구매의도에 차이가 있는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 또한 사람들은 제품을 구매하면서의 즐거움과 동시에 지불 과정에서 고통을 느끼는데 어떤 지불수단을 사용하느냐에 따라 소비자의 구매감정이 다를 것으로 보고 감정의 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 주요 목적은 지불수단(기프트카드 vs. 현금)에 따라 선호하는 제품의 유형과 구매감정에 차이가 있는지를 분석하고, 이러한 지불수단에 따른 제품유형별 구매의도의 차이가 감정 매개의 메커니즘을 통해 나타나는 것인지를 분석하는 것이다. 가설 검증을 위해 2(지불수단: 기프트카드 vs. 현금) x 2(제품 유형: 쾌락재 vs. 실용재) 집단 간 실험 설계를 하였으며, 20~40대 여성 183명을 대상으로 데이터를 수집하였다. 분석결과, 실용재에서는 지불수단(현금 vs. 기프트카드)에 따른 구매의도의 차이가 없었으나, 쾌락재에서는 현금으로 구매할 때보다 기프트카드로 구매하는 상황일 때 더 높은 구매의도를 보였다. 또한 지불수단에 따른 제품 유형별 감정의 차이를 분석한 결과, 쾌락재 구매 시 현금보다 기프트카드로 구매할 때 더 강한 ‘즐거움’과 ‘만족감’을 느끼는 반면, ‘죄책감’과 ‘불만족감’은 덜 느끼는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 감정은 지불수단별 선호제품의 차이를 매개하는 것으로 분석되었다. 쾌락재 구매에 대하여 현금은 긍정적 감정의 약화와 부정적 감정의 강화를 매개로 구매의도를 낮추지만, 기프트카드는 긍정적 감정의 강화를 매개로 구매의도를 높이는 것으로 분석되었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 기프트카드 이용이 단순히 구매 편의를 높이는 것 외에 쾌락재 구매를 증대시키는 유용한 마케팅 전략이 될 수 있음을 시사하며, 심적회계이론을 기반으로 감정메커니즘 차원에서 기프트카드와 쾌락재 구매 간의 관계를 분석하였다.
Abstract
This study shows how gift card and cash gift can affect the purchase intention of hedonic and utilitarian products through both of positive and negative purchase emotion. Mental accounting theory suggests that consumers tend to categorize and label their budgets into different psychological accounts depending on how the budget was acquired and the category to which it is assigned(Thaler 1980). Based on prior research, we think that gift card and cash gift will not be allocated into same account, and consumers tend to perceive two payment types as different monetary value. Compared to cash, gift cards are easier to justify to use and has a stronger association with gift and bonus meaning(Helion & Gilovich 2014; White 2006). Therefore, we hypothesize that gift card will be more likely to be spent on hedonic products than cash, but there is no difference between payment types on utilitarian products because unlike hedonic product, utilitarian product requires less justification by payment. Furthermore, we also predict that purchasing emotion will be different depending on the type of payment(gift card vs. cash) and product(hedonic vs. utilitarian). This is because the purchase of hedonic products tends to entail both of higher negative emotion such as guilty and higher positive emotion such as exciting than utilitarian, but gift card which is weakly associated with pain of payment can attenuate the negative feeling in hedonic product. Thus, we propose that in purchasing hedonic product condition, gift card use will lead to higher positive and lower negative purchasing emotion than cash, thereby such purchasing emotion mediates the effect of interaction of payment type and purchase type on purchase intention. We conducted an experiment with 183 women consumers(aged 20~40). The study employed a 2(payment: gift card vs. cash) x 2(product: hedonic vs. utilitarian) between-subject design. For testing hypothesis, ANOVA analysis was conducted where dependent variables were product purchase intention and negative/positive purchase emotion. The statistical results reveal that in the hedonic product purchase condition, consumers with gift card showed a higher purchase intention than those with cash, but in the utilitarian product purchase condition, there was no significant difference in purchase intention between gift card and cash. In addition, when people purchase the hedonic product with gift card, they reported higher positive purchase emotion(joy and contented) and lower negative purchase emotion(guilty and discontented) than those with cash. In contrast, when purchasing the utilitarian product, there was no significant difference in positive and negative purchase emotion between payment types. Finally, in order to verify the moderated mediation effect of emotion, PROCESS Model analysis(Hayes 2012) was conducted. As a result, we found out that the interaction effect of product type and payment type on purchase intention was mediated by positive and negative purchase emotion. Specifically, when purchasing hedonic products, cash decreased purchase intention through the mediation effect of lower positive and higher negative purchase intention. And gift card increased purchase intention of hedonic products through the mediation effect of higher positive purchase emotion. These result indicates that gift card and cash formats differently influence the consumer’s purchasing intention for hedonic and utilitarian products. From this results, our study practically suggests that companies will reap benefit from the gift card strategy since it can increase the sales of hedonic product by allowing consumers to feel higher positive emotion and reduced negative emotion.
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