日本の連立政権における自民党と公明党の政策活動の類似 と相違−政務調査会の活動分析を通じて
Similarities and Differences in Pre-legislative policymaking between the Liberal Democratic Party and the Komeito in the Japanese coalition government
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自民党と公明党の連立は1999年に成立して以来、民主党政権の約3年間を除き、現在に至るまで20年以上続いている。しかし、その成功的な連立運営の背景の一つである、政策決定に ついては、十分な研究が行われているとは言えない。 その空白を埋めるために、本研究は、連立を構成する政党が、連立パートナーとの政策調 整を行う(連立的要請への対応)と同時に、連立パートナーとは違う政策活動を通じて、支持者 を動員する必要性(選挙的要請への対応)に直面するという理論的枠組みを用い、自公の政策活 動の類似と相違を究明する。具体的には、2003年から2022年までの両党の政務調査会の政策 関連会議のデータを分析することで、自公がいかに連立を維持したかを明らかにする。 分析の結果、両党が政権に復帰した2012年以降、連立的要請が高いと思われる分野、すな わち、立法に直接関わる活動において、高い両党の類似性が確認された。また、会議の政策領 域や参加者など、選挙的要請が高いと思われる分野においては、両党の活動の相違が確認され た。この結果は、自公連立政権の維持は無論、重要政策におけるイデオロギーや支持層の違い を持つ政党らがいかに成功的に連立を運営するかに関する連立政権の理解において、重要な含 意を提供する。
Abstract
The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and Komeito have maintained their ruling coalition since 1999, except for about three years when they were out of power. As ruling parties, these two parties have the prerogative to scrutinize government draft bills to be submitted to the parliament (preliminary review rules; jizen-shinsa). However, these policymaking activities in the pre-legislative stage have yet to be thoroughly investigated. This article clarifies the similarities and differences between the two parties in policymaking, using the data from the policy meetings of their Policy Research Councils (PRCs) from 2003 to 2022. The result shows that both parties, especially the policy divisions directly related to legislation, have held policy meetings in a similar way, i.e., examining the guidelines, the draft bills, and the private members’ bills through hearings and the exchange of opinions, especially since 2012. However, we can also find differences in policy areas and participants based on the differences in their support base. Thus, the LDP focuses more on education, culture, sports, science and technology, and agriculture and forestry policies, with various participants, while Komeito focuses primarily on health, labour, and welfare policies with bureaucrats. These findings contribute to understanding how two parties with different ideologies and support bases could manage a successful coalition.
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