조선전기 두만강 유역의 성곽 축조와 여진 방비

Abstract

This paper, focusing on the geographical space called Tumen River(豆滿江) basin which was the eastern and northern frontier of Joseon(朝鮮) in the 15th to 16th centuries, arranged the process in which a castle was built there, and then examined the changes in the society of Jurchens(女眞) that appeared due to the castle and the defense strategy newly established. Joseon began to actively open up its territory with an interest in the areas south of the Tumen River directly from after founding a country. Especially, in the age of Sejong(世宗), by establishing five strongholds(5鎭) of Gyeongweon(慶源), Hweryeong(會寧), Jongseong(鍾城), Onseong(穩城), and Gyeongheung(慶興), it not only gained military bases but solidified its sovereignty by building a long wall between each stronghold. Because of this, the Jurchen people who had lived in the Tumen River basin for a long time were kicked out of the rampart, and some even defected to Joseon to live in the area near the rampart. Joseon called them Jurchen people near stronghold or long wall(城底野人) and protected them militarily or economically, whereas it used them as a sort of fence defending the outskirts by making them take responsibility for spying and combating against foreign enemies. By the 16th century, while the long wall was partly broken naturally or artificially, and maintenance activities were not positively conducted, and so increased shabby parts gradually weakened its original defense function. In addition, from a variety of causes, the number of Jurchen people exploded in the north of Tumen River, and many of Jurchen people near the stronghold or the long wall emigrated across the river. In Joseon, reflecting this situation, the name of Boundary Jurchens(藩胡) came into use instead of Jurchen people near the stronghold or the long wall so that even the defected Jurchens over the Tumen River can be embraced. However, in later generation, while Boundary Jurchens made peace with Jurchen people who lived far away from Joseon, increasing exchanges with them, they made a move to escape from the influence of Joseon. Finally, Joeseon was facing the threat and challenge of haughty Jurchens' influence.