조선 변경정책의 허와 실 ― 두만강 유역 女眞 藩胡의 성장과 발전 ―

Abstract

In reign of Sejong in Joseon, Six Jin(六鎭) were formed in Tumen River basin and then, Fence(藩籬) of Jurchen which can be 'fence of a nation' was constructed. Fence of Jurchen was called as Boundary Jurchens(藩胡). Here, the study found out concept of Beon(藩, 蕃) and character of construction of Fence of Jurchen in Joseon and tried to investigate two aspects of Frontier policy related to Jurchen in Tumen River basin in Joseon through growth and development of Boundary Jurchens of Jurchen. Beon was used as the meaning of Fence of emperor. This is closely related to situation of China as a nation of emperor where China has political and diplomatic relationship with foreign country, vassal, and feudal lords. This appears formation of relationship of tribute and installation in the systematic aspect. In the aspect of ceremony, this appears as courtesy for guest related to exchange of envoy and banquet ceremony. In Goryeo, Jurchen people were called as Beonin(蕃人). This is concept related to political society which was subject to Goryeo and was closely related to visit to Goryeo by Jurchen envoy. Beon in Joseon is also persons 'who followed order centered on Joseon, influenced by virtues of Joseon or who should follow order centered on Joseon in the future'. To this end, visit of Fence on winter solstice and the New year became a ceremony in Joseon so that tribute relationship was formed. As Hoesa(回賜) and Sajak(賜爵) according to tribute were carried out, 'Beon' centered on Joseon was formed. In the end, tribute relationship between Joseon and Fence in ceremonial aspect is same as the form of relationship between Ming dynasty and Joseon as emperor and vassal(封臣) respectively. The objects were Jurchen people in Tumen River basin and Japanese people in Tsushima Island. Especially, recognition on Fence about Jurchen people in Tumen River basin clearly appeared in the reign of Sejong when Six Jin were formed. This shows that even in the international order in the Eastern Asia centered on Ming, Joseon showed independent view of world and a phase of construction of world order by Joseon. On the other hand, Fence of Jurchen and Boundary Jurchens began to be formed in Tumen River basin by Frontier policy in Joseon. And among Jurchen people, some were appealing to be Fence of Joseon in the Yalu River basin. Joseon was opposed to formation of Jurchen Fence in the Yalu River basin because Joseon was alert to danger caused by prosperity of neighboring other races, raising example of prosperity of Japanese people in three areas(三浦). But worry of Joseon became reality in Tumen River basin where Fence was already formed, not in the Yalu River basin. As Jurchen Fence in Tumen River basin became prosperous and grew, they began to leave the order centered on Joseon. Fence of Jurchen and Boundary Jurchens in Tumen River basin made rapid development within some 130 years after construction of Five Jin(五鎭) in the midst of protection through Frontier policy in Joseon. Development of Boundary Jurchens of Jurchen and expansion of trade with Joseon brought severe outflow of human and physical resources. And military officers of Joseon in outer area led trade of fur forcefully though they protect Boundary Jurchens of Jurchen, which made Boundary Jurchens resent the military officers. In the end, growth of Boundary Jurchens of Jurchen and disarray in management of Boundary Jurchens by Joseon caused rebellion of Boundary Jurchens. Rather, this first defensive line threatened Joseon. Joseon responded to their rebellion through conquer in the level of punishment but their rebellion became more severe. Joseon called Boundary Jurchens who betrayed Joseon or invaded frontier as Jurchen betrayal(叛胡). They were persons who were once subject to Joseon but left international order centered on Joseon later. However, rebellion of Boundary Jurchens was caused by Frontier policy in Joseon. And policy of Joseon to construct Fence unavoidably had two aspects of formation of defensive line of Joseon and growth of Jurchen.