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조지프 체임벌린의 집단주의적 자유주의

The Collectivistic Liberalism of Joseph Chamberlain

김명환
영국사학회|2012.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제28호|pp. 166-197|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..28.201212.166

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키워드

민주주의자유주의Liberalism집단주의CollectivismDemocracy조지프 체임벌린Joseph Chamberlain자치시 사회주의Municipal Socialism
주제분류역사학

초록

체임벌린의 자유주의는 1870년대에 자유주의가 집단주의로 흘러간 경로를 보여주고 있다. 체임벌린의 자유주의는 보통선거권을 주장하고 특권의 폐지를 요구하는 민주주의로 이어졌다. 체임벌린은 민주적 개혁을 통해 변화된 국가권력의 성격이 집단주의적 정책의 정당성을 담보한다고 생각했다. 체임벌린의 집단주의는 빈민법을 비롯한 각종 사회 입법과 자치시의 다양한 시영화 정책에서 드러났다. 체임벌린은 농업노동자에 대하여도 커다란 관심을 가졌는데 소토지 보유농을 만들어 냄으로써 자립적인 농민층을 육성하려고 시도했다. 이러한 여러 형태의 집단주의적 정책은 사회주의자들의 주장과 상당한 부분에서 접점을 형성했다. 특히 페이비언들의 자치시 사회주의와는 커다란 유사성을 보여주었다. 체임벌린의 자유주의는 민주주의와 집단주의 사이에 밀접한 연관관계가 있음을 다시 한 번 확인하고 있다.

Abstract

The liberalism of Joseph Chamberlain shows the way how liberalism came to be connected to the collectivism in the 1870s. In Chamberlain’s opinion, liberalism had some elements to demand the rights of men, especially the political and economic rights, that is, the rights to political power and the proper means of production. For him, the right to political power was actualized in demanding universal suffrage and the elimination of privileges while the right to means of production was presented in insisting on the right to owning small allotments in the country. The expansion of voting right toward universal suffrage was channelled into the introduction of democracy and led to the democratization of political power. Chamberlain believed that the democratically changed political power would justify the collectivistic intervention of government. This belief explains his collectivistic policies in the 1870s and 80s. Chamberlain’s collectivism was ascertained in diverse policies. They were, in the city, revealed in the Poor Law, the Education Act, Old Age Pension and Municipalization in various fields, whereas, in the country, in allotments of small land to create independent peasants, which were symbolized by ‘three acres and a cow’. The case of Chamberlain's liberalism reveals the fact that liberalism has some inherent logic that would lead to collectivism. It could be understood in the same context that Herbert Spencer insisted on universal suffrage and public ownership of land. But Spencer withdrew his earlier assertions observing the collectivistic policies as a result of democracy that his liberalism had realized in the 1870s. He only came to stress free competition between individuals to prevent the collectivistic tendency while abandoning all contentions concerning the basic rights deriving from the liberal ideas. Eventually, there were two roads for liberalism. One led to the collectivistic liberalism that approved the state intervention on the foundation of democratized authority while the other led to the individualistic liberalism that denied the state interference in pursuit of the small government.

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