산업도시의 재구조화와 거버넌스 : 피츠버그와 디트로이트의 비교
Urban Restructuring and Governance: A Comparative Study of Pittsburgh and Detroit
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초록
디트로이트에서는 주요 자동차업체들의 도시 내 산업기반이 축소되는 가운데, 서비스 부문의 업체들을 중심으로 도심 재개발이 추진되고 있지만, 도시재구조화를 통일적으로 주도할 수 있는 민관 파트너십이 형성되지 못하고 있다. 민간 기업들이 자신들의 이해에만 몰두할 뿐 도시재구조화에 적극적으로 관심을 갖지 않고 있으며, 인종적으로 고립된 디트로이트 시정부도 개인적 유착관계에 주로 의존하면서 별다른 리더십을 보여주지 못하고 있다. 시민단체 및 노동조합도 협소한 자기 이해를 넘어 도시재구조화의 대안을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 이는 디게타노와 로리스의 분류에 의하면 고객주의적 거버넌스의 유형에 부합된다.V. 도시재구조화의 사회적 결과
Abstract
This paper studies urban restructuring of two American industrial cities, that is, Pittsburgh and Detroit, focused on a concept of governance. This paper tries to explain why Pittsburgh has shown different path and social results of urban restructuring, compared with Detroit. Since 1970, Pittsburgh has succeeded in regenerating central business district and improving the economic condition of neighborhoods. In contrast to Pittsburgh, Detroit has failed to regenerate central business district, even though major resources of city government has been inputted on it. In addition to this, Pittsburgh has shown better social results in terms of income level, unemployment rate, and poverty ratio, compared to Detroit. This paper adopts an analytical scheme that combines structural variables with actor variables to explain differences of urban restructuring. This paper is distinguished in considering following variables. First, this paper considers social factor(= race), and institutional and cultural factor(= political arena) besides economic factor(= strength of main industry) among structural variables. Second, this paper shows that specific type of governance is a main variable to explain differences of urban restructuring. Governance is composed of various actors who actively responds to the crisis of the cities. In conclusion, under specific structural conditions, the characteristics of governance that is composed of actors deeply influence a path and social results of urban restructuring. This suggests for Korean cases in that urban restructuring depends upon how governance is formed under specific structural conditions.
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