동북아 도시의 성장전략과 거버넌스 비교연구:부산·오사카·상하이를 중심으로
Urban Growth and Governance of Northeast Asian Cities : A Comparative Study of Busan, Osaka, and Shanghai
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본 연구는 동북아 3개국의 제2도시이자 주요 항만도시인 부산, 오사카, 상하이 간의 비교 사례연구를 통해 향후 도시거버넌스의 유형화를 위한 기초자료를 마련하려는 목적을 지닌다. 세 도시들은 90년대 전반에 걸쳐 도시성장의 위기에 봉착한 경험을 공유하고 있으며, 성장을 위한 지역혁신전략과 도시거버넌스 구축을 모색해 왔다는 공통점을 지니고 있다. 본 연구의 주요 초점은 이들 세 도시들이 보여준 경제적 위기상황의 극복 과정과 그 과정에서 나타난 도시거버넌스의 특징에서 드러나는 차이점에 맞춰지고 있다. 우선, 부산은 국가균형발전정책이라는 위로부터의 개혁에 대응하여 전략산업 발전과 주체간 파트너십을 강화시키는 전략을 시도하고 있으며, 민관․정부간 거버넌스가 제도화되는 단계이기는 하지만, 협력문화 구축을 위한 충분한 학습기회가 요구된다. 오사카의 경우, 활발한 민관협력에 의한 아래로부터의 도시거버넌스 구축이 적극적으로 진행 중이라고 평가할 수 있다. 요컨대, 아래로부터, 주체 상호간, 그리고 보다 광역적인 거버넌스의 구축이 특징적이다. 그리고, 상하이의 도시거버넌스는 지방정부가 도시발전의 주도자로서 이른바 기업가적 도시거버넌스 또는 성장연합적 지향성이 매우 강한 거버넌스의 특징을 보여준다. 즉, 위로부터 추진되는 폐쇄적 거버넌스로 평가된다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to produce a primary reference for the classification of modes of urban governance by comparatively illustrating three major East Asian port cities(Busan, Osaka, and Shanghai). These three cities have shared similar experience of crisis in urban growth during the 1990s, and tried to revive their economy through carrying a series of urban innovation and restructuring the mode of urban governance. This study examines different features of urban governance among those three cities by comparing how each city struggled to overcome its economic crisis. Our analysis reveals some notable features of each city. In case of Busan, it gradually institutionalizes the cooperative relationship between public and private sector and intergovernmental relationship as well in response to the central government policy of balanced national development. Concentration on strategic industries and emphasis on partnership with civil sector in the process of policy formation are the new scenes in Busan during recent years. But it seems that the cooperative culture has not settled down yet in Busan. Osaka seems to have developed a more full-fledged structure of urban governance through bottom-up process of policy formation. More vivid interaction among different urban actors, bottom-up process, and regional cooperation in wide area are noted in Osaka. In case of Shanghai, local government is found as the powerful engine to pursue urban development. Features of managerial governance and "growth coalition" between government-business sector stand out. Namely, Shanghai may be marked as a closed system of urban governance which is led by top-down process.
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