중국과 소련의 핵 기술 개발 협력 재고, 1945~1960
Rethinking Sino-Soviet Cooperation forNuclear Technology, 1945~1960
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본고는 1946년에서 1960년대까지 중화인민공화국의 핵무기 및 원자력 산업 발전과 연관된 중・소 핵 기술 협력을 탐구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 주제에 대한 대부분의 중국 측 연구들은 초기 중화인민공화국 지도부가 자체 핵 개발 계획을 시작하기로 결정한 1955년을 두 사회주의 국가들 사이의 핵 협력에서 중요한 전기로 보고 있다. 그러나 본고는 중화인민공화국 건설 초기에 이미 히로시마 원폭 투하 직후 원자폭탄 보유의 전략적 중요성을 깨달았고, 중국의 지속적인 핵무기 보유 노력이 중소분쟁뿐만 아니라 중소동맹 형성에 기여했음을 주장한다. 특히 본고에서는 1940년대 후반부터 1960년대 중반까지 중소협력 과정 전반을 보면 중소 핵 협력 문제의 연속성이 강조된다는 점에 주목한다. 대표적으로 초기 중소경제협력 과정에서 설립된 중소금속공사나, 무엇보다도 모스크바 근교 두브나에 건설된 연합원자력연구소에서 이러한 중요한 협력의 예를 확인할 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper explores Sino-Soviet cooperation over the development of nuclear weapons and industries in the Peoples Republic of China(PRC) roughly from 1946 to 1960. Most studies from Chinese side on the topic view the year of 1955 when the early PRC leadership decided to start its own nuclear program as a crucial turning point for the nuclear cooperation between the two leading socialist nations. But the paper argues that the early PRC under Chinese Communist Party had been well aware of the strategic and political significance of possessing an atomic bomb from right after Hiroshima. And the continued national quest for nuclear weapon contributed to the formation of Sino-Soviet alliance as well as the Sino-Soviet split. Primary concern of the paper is to emphasize the continuity of the issue by examining the Sino-Soviet cooperative activities from late 1940s to mid-1960. The cases of Sino-Soviet Joint Stock Nonferrous and Rare Metals Company and the Institute for Joint Nuclear Research at Dubna, above all, could be suggested as remarkable examples of the cooperation.
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