위험 관리자로서의 복지국가: 사회적 위험에 대한 이론적 이해
Welfare State as a Risk Manager: Theoretical Understanding of Contemporary Social Risks
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본 논문은 기존에 논의되어온 복지국가와 관련된 다양한 사회적 위험에 대한 개념들이 상호간에 어떻게 연결되어 있으며 이론적으로 어떤 의미를 갖는지에 대해서 논의하였다. 우선, 최근 가장 활발한 논의가 진행되고 있는 전통적 사회적 위험과 새로운 사회적 위험이 어떻게 구분되고 또한 이 분류가 주는 의미를 중첩성의 차원에서 논의하였다. 나아가 복지국가의 역할을 이해하기 위해서는 개인적 차원에서의 사회적 위험과 집합적 차원에서의 사회적 위험을 구분하여 이해할 필요성이 있음을 주장하고, 그 차이점과 함의에 대해서 살펴보았다. 또 다른 차원에서 현대사회를 산업사회로부터 변환된 위험사회로 판명한 Beck의 위험사회론을 기반으로 하여, 위험사회론이 위험관리자로서의 복지국가 논의와 어떻게 연결될 수 있는지에 대해서 논하였다. 위험사회에서 위험은 시공간을 넘어 점차 복잡해져가고, 규모를 예측하기 어려워지며, 중첩성도 강화되고 있다. 마지막으로, 복지국가가 유일한 위험관리자가 아니며, 개인과 시장도 다양한 방법으로 다양한 차원에서(위험예방-위험경감-위험대응) 위험관리자로서의 역할을 하고 있음을 소개하였다. 하지만, 위험관리자로서 무기력해지거나 근시안이 되어가는 개인이나 책임성과 공공성이 결여되어 사회적 위험 대처기제로서 한계를 가지고 있는 시장에 비해서 공공과 국가의 역할이 여전히 중요함을 주장하였다. 결과적으로 복지국가가 위험사회에서 더욱 확장된 범위와 역할을 가지고 위험관리자 역할을 수행할 필요성을 논하였다.
Abstract
This article aims to reestablish the concept of social risks and to propose implications for the development of welfare states. While much has been written about social risks, the term has hardly been theoretically consolidated. First, it discusses the division of old social risks and new social risks with special attention to the superposition of these two types of risks. Second, it introduces another dimension of social risks in which individual-based social risks, e.g. poverty and unemployment, are separated from collective social risks, e.g. social investment or low fertility. Also, it discusses the role of welfare states in relation to these two risks. Third, inspired by 'risk society from industrial society' by Ulrich Beck, newly emerging features of social risks in risk society, e.g. 'routinization of uncertainty', are discussed. Finally, apart from the state, it explains the role of family and market as risk-coping mechanisms in terms of risk reduction, risk mitigation, and risk coping. However, as social risks get complicated in terms of 'time and space', it becomes clear that individuals and market have limitations to fully deal with social risks. Therefore, this article argues that the welfare state should restructure and expand its role as a risk-manager in the risk society.
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